Duke(s) Families of the South Carolina Low Country

Duke(s) Families of the South Carolina Low Country
Notes by Lynn Shuler Teague, January 2004
This document is copyright (c) 2004 by Tony Cox. All rights reserved. The copyright must appear on all copies
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Alexander Salley stated that the Dukes family of Orangeburg County, SC, descended from William Duke who arrived in Charles Towne in 1679 from Barbados.^¹ There appears to be no Dukes family tradition to this effect predating Salley’s publication, although the story has become widely distributed since that time. However, after years of research no links between that William Duke and the Orangeburg family have been found, while a great deal of evidence points to Virginia as the American origin of the Dukes family of Orangeburgh.

In the process of this research, early connections have been found between the Duke family and others in Orangeburg, SC. The Virginia/North Carolina families include not only the Duke family, but also the Byrd, Clayton, Joyner, Hatcher, McConnico, Stokes, Fontaine, Goodwin and Risher families.

The early Duke family that lived in St. Phillip’s Parish, Charleston, in nearby St. Thomas and St. Denis and Christ Church parishes in Berkeley County, and in Prince Frederick Parish, Craven County, appears to be a single extended family. The Duke family on the Wando River (St. Thomas and St. Denis and Christ Church parishes) probably may have the immediate roots of the Orangeburg Duke family.

William Duke sailed for Charles Towne, South Carolina, from Bridgetown, Barbados, on the Adventure (Captain Daniel Ridley) on 7 Apr 1679.^² He was the son of Henry Duke of Barbados.^³ No records of this individual have been found in South Carolina.

It is sometimes claimed that William married Mary, whose maiden name is unknown, and was a landowner who lived in St. Phillip’s Parish until his death in 1726.^⁴ The source of information for this death date is unknown, and the information that he was a landowner remains unsubstantiated. The list of early landowners within Charleston proper does not include William.^⁵ (The same accounts frequently identify William as father of Joseph Dukes of Orangeburg, but inconsistently give Joseph’s birthdate as 1728.)

A Mary Dukes was buried November 30, 1732/33, in St. Phillips Parish.^⁶ Identification of Mary as the wife of William Duke of Barbados is apparently entirely speculative. As the information that follows will show, it is quite possible that an entirely different Duke(s) family appeared in the Charleston area at about 1732/33, probably from Virginia, and Mary might have been associated with that family. What is especially suggestive is that from 1679 until at least 1709 and possibly 1716/18, no record of the Duke family at all has been found for South Carolina. Even given the extensive destruction of records in the relevant areas, this would be highly unusual for there to be no surviving record if a Duke family was indeed present at those times.

Richard Duke of Williamsburg County reports finding at the South Carolina Historical Society a record that a William Henry Duke arrived in Charleston in 1709 from England. No further information is available on this at present.

The will of Samuel Duke was probated between 1716 and 1718.^⁷ The original has been lost and no information survives regarding its contents. However, it is worth noting that no subsequent generations of Duke males were named Samuel; he does not seem to have been a progenitor of the local family.

After these almost ephemeral reports, in 1732/33 we find several reports of the Duke family, including the death of Mary Duke in St. Phillip’s Parish, the death of Nicholas Duke in St. Phillip’s Parish, and the marriage of Robert Duke in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish, with another Robert Duke, of St. Phillip’s Parish, as a bondsman. The pattern as a whole is best interpreted as the movement of a Duke family to South Carolina in about 1732/33, after several sporadic and unrelated earlier contacts. The family of 1732/33 is strongly associated with the shipping industry.

One of the earliest keys to the origins of the Duke family in the South Carolina lowcountry is found in the will of a man who himself seems to have had neither wife or children. Nicholas Duke was buried at St. Phillips Parish, August 13, 1732.^⁸ In 1733 the will of Nicholas Duke, mariner of the Royal Navy serving under Captain Lloyd,^⁹ was probated in Charleston. Captain James Lloyd took over the command of the Happy, a 10/16 gun ship of the Royal Navy that was assigned to the Carolina Station, “surveying,” from 29 Nov 1728 through 12 May 1735.^¹⁰ It is possibly significant that Capt. Lloyd (whose name is sometimes spelled “Lyde”) was an acquaintance of Col. William Byrd II of Virginia, a central figure in early Duke family history there.

Nicholas Duke’s beneficiary was James “Lawrense.” Witnesses were John Lawrens and Benj. Addison.^¹¹ It is likely that Nicholas Duke’s beneficiary was of another family than the famous Laurens family of Charleston; a separate file discusses the Laurens/Laurence families and demonstrates that John Lawrence or Laurens, a mariner of St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish during this same period, is probably the individual who witnessed the will of Nicholas Duke.

John Laurens is identified elsewhere as a saddler, who acquired 40 acres on the northern Charleston Neck commonly called the Quarter House on 4 Mar 1731 from George Anson, “late commander of His Majesty’s ship the Garland.”^¹² Mr. John Laurens (presumably the same individual who was witness of Nicholas Duke’s will in Charleston in 1733) was appointed a Fire-Master of the Friendly Society in Charleston.^¹³ A John Lawrance was master of the Fortune, a 35 ton sloop owned by Lewis Lormier (merchant, Charleston), registered in Charleston on 3 Jan 1737.^¹⁴ It is likely that this John Lawrence was witness to the Nicholas Duke will, since he was also a mariner. The witness is probably also the same individual mentioned in a petition to the South Carolian Council on 2 Aug 1949:^¹⁵

Read the Petition of John Dutarque of the Parish of St. Thomas in Berkley County son and Heir at Law of Lewis Dutarque late of the same Place, Planter, deceased, . . . said father had duly admeasured and layed out a Tract of land of 65 acres in the parish aforesaid and bounding northeasterwardly and northwestwardly on the said Lewis Dutarques Land south eastward on Colo. Thomas Lynches Land and south westwardly on Mr. Berresfords land . . . the Plat of the said Land was delivered on the 20th of Dec’r 1737 by the then Surveyor General to Mr. John Laurens a friend of the Petr’s said Father to be carried to the other Offices. . . .

The later discussion of Thomas Goodman Duke, mariner, documents his presence in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish in the 1730’s and 1740’s, and his association with the Dutarque family there. The John Laurens connection puts Thomas Goodman Duke in the same circle as the deceased Nicholas Duke, mariner of the Royal Navy.

Benjamin Addison also with John Laurens and Rice Prince appraised the estate of Mark Anthony Besselleu, decd. 29 Sept. 1738.^¹⁶

James Laurens was witness for the sale of 500 acres on the Edisto by Jacob Motte the elder of Charleston to Gavin Pou, planter of Orangeburg District (Charleston Co DB A-3:34. 18 Nov 1762). Laurens proved the sale 11 May 1763.

A James Laurens will is listed in the Charleston Co WB 21 (1783-86) p. 363. John Laurens is listed in WB 5 (1740-47), p. 665.

A James Laurens appears in the 1790 federal census of Union County, SC, with two white males more than 16, one white male under the age of 16, four white females and 1 slave.

In 1761 Mary Duke Crawford (born 1704), widow of John Crawford,^¹⁷ married James Laurens.^¹⁸ (This is probably the James Laurence whose estate inventory subsequently was dated 12 February 1768 in Williamsburg, SC.^¹⁹ ) John Crawford and Mary Duke Crawford had followed or accompanied John’s brother, Michael, and Michael’s wife, Elizabeth Terrell Crawford, to the Cheraw, South Carolina, area some time before 1750. They settled at Sandy Bluff, where Michael Crawford was a merchant.^²⁰ They had three sons: James, John, and Hardy Crawford.^²¹ The Crawfords were from St. Paul’s Parish, Hanover County, VA.^²² John and Michael Crawford were grandsons of David Crawford, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1690-92 who died in New Kent County, VA, in 1710.

Unfortunately, the St. Paul’s Parish, Hanover County, VA, register has been lost. However, St. Paul’s Parish, Hanover County, was formed from St. Peter’s Parish of New Kent County. The St. Peter’s Parish Register includes listings for Crawford (Crafford), Marston and Terrell.^²³ One Hanover County records reference includes Clevers Duke along with David Crawford and also other interesting names, such as that of William Watts:^²⁴

June 6, 1735.-Jno Chiswell, St Martins, Wm. Cliff, Peter Gregory, Stephen Ellorsay, Nightingale Dalby, Jas. Rallings, Alex Traguair, David Neal, Jno Carryson, Hugh Cuzzon, Thos. Parker; Robt. Parker, Thos. Walker, Andrew Edwards, David Cosby, Wm Chapman, Wm Watts, Clevers Duke, James Rallings & David Crawford.

The Terrell family, related through Elizabeth Terrell Crawford, is also of interest. Evelyn Duke Brandenberger says that there was a “long standing association between the Terrell and Duke families, in both Virginia and in Georgia . . ..,”^²⁵ although she does not provide information regarding a Virginia association. In Georgia the Terrell family had multiple connections to the family of John Taylor Duke, son of Capt. Henry Duke of Prince George County, VA.

So from what branch of the Virginia Duke family does Mary Duke Crawford Laurens come? The evidence indicates that she might be Mary Duke, daughter of Thomas Duke and Elizabeth Marston of James City County, Virginia. This Thomas Duke was a son of Col. Henry Duke. Another daughter of Thomas Duke, Sarah, married John Lide.^²⁶ John and Sarah Lide’s sons, John, Thomas, and Robert, were also among the prominent early settlers of the Cheraws in South Carolina.^²⁷ In his History of the Old Cheraws, Gregg notes that Robert, the youngest brother, was brought from Virginia in 1734 by his maternal uncle Crawford, thus confirming the identity of the Duke women as sisters. It may also be no coincidence that the name Lide is variously spelled Loyd, Lloyd, Lyde and Luyde; there may be a connection to the Capt. James Lloyd who commanded the Happy, on which Nicholas Duke sailed before his death in 1732.

Numerous real estate transactions support the Lide-Crawford relationship. In 1767/68, Thomas Lide is twice listed as lessee to Thomas Crawford and his wife (Charleston Deeds, Book G-3, 579 and 584).^²⁸ In 1772-73, Michael Crawford is listed as lessor and Thomas Lide as lessee (Charleston Deeds, Book B-4, 489), while in 1778 John Crawford is listed as lessor and John Lide as lessee (Charleston Deeds, Book Y-4, 143).^²⁹

Thomas Lide and Thomas Crawford were commissioners of St. David’s Parish, SC, in 1768.^³⁰ The minutes of the parish vestry record letters to William Watkins and Robert Lide,^³¹ and in the parish election of 27 February 1769 those voting included John Crawford, Thomas Lide, Robert Lide, and John Bruce (the Bruce surname appears in other contexts related to the Duke(s) family).^³²

In 1775, Capt. Robert Lide led a company of volunteer militia from the northeast side of the PeeDee River, from Brown’s Creek to Three Creeks, in St. David’s Parish; William Watkins was his second lieutenant.^³³ The Watkins name reappears in the Duke family as the maiden name of Joan Duke, wife of William Duke of Christ Church Parish, SC. A William Watkins was a member of her family who has been identified as the owner of a timber operation near Hobcaw Point. Also in 1767/68, Thomas Sims is listed as lessee and Thomas Lide as lessor (G-3, 595) in a real estate transaction.^³⁴ A Jacob Blackwell also served in Lide’s militia unit.^³⁵

An unidentified Elizabeth Dukes married Thomas Jackson in Charleston SC in 1784.

Thomas Goodman Duke was a shipmaster living in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish near the Wando River, The South Carolina Gazette reported the following Customs House Notices involving him:^³⁶

The Anne & Elizabeth was owned by Clement Lemprier of Hobcaw Point (see “Lemprier”). Clement Lemprier was, among other things, a privateer.^³⁷ He owned land in Christ Church Parish, near Wackindaw Creek, adjacent to Hobcaw Point. In the 1740’s he owned a shipyard at Shem Creek, Mount Pleasant.^³⁸ Lemprier married into a complex of families centered at Hobcaw that included Jacob Read, who witnessed the will of Joan Watkins Halliburton Duke, probated in 1771.

One of the earliest references to the Duke family outside Charleston is found in the will of John Snow,^³⁹ Berkeley County planter, which was drafted 23 March 1748.^⁴⁰ He left to his wife, Susannah, use of their plantation during her life. To his nephew, John Snow, son of Nathaniel Snow, he left the plantation at the death of his wife. There was also a legacy to his goddaughter, Susannah Laurens, daughter of Augustus Laurens (who was uncle of the Honorable Henry Laurens). He also mentioned Judith Laurens. The executors of his will were his wife and John Dutargue. The witnesses were Thomas Goodman Duke, James Soulegree (who used his mark), and Henry Bonneau. The will was probated in January 1752. However, it should be noted especially that Lewis Dutarque of St. Thomas and St. Denis was a close friend of John Laurens, witness to the will of Nicholas Duke, mariner. John Snow was from a Barnstaple, Massachusetts, family heavily involved in international trade.

The family of Thomas Goodman Duke is listed in the Register of St. Thomas & St. Denis Parish, but (at least in the printed account) is incorrectly identified as that of Thomas Goodmunduke. His family is listed there as follows:^⁴¹

It is uncertain that this represents the entire family of Thomas Goodman Duke. All of the names were entered at the same time, so that all reflect the “Goodmunduke” error regarding the surname. Also, these are birth dates only; the children were apparently not baptized in this Anglican parish. At this time, the parishes of the established church were legally responsible for birth records within their boundaries, but the parish would have had no obligation to record children born elsewhere. Thomas Goodman Duke and Susannah Duke could easily have had other children, and Joseph Dukes of Orangeburg County could have been an older son of Thomas Goodman Duke. The names of Joseph’s children, including Thomas as his oldest son and Susannah for one daughter, support this interpretation. Alternatively, Joseph could have been his brother or nephew, or the name parallels could be coincidence.

"The Annals and Parish Register of St. Thomas and St. Denis" in the "Deaths and Burials" section lists Thomas Duke b. (buried) March 1, 1755.^⁴²

The 1735 beginning of this record suggests that Thomas Goodman Duke came to the South Carolina coast at about the same time as Nicholas Duke, who died in Charleston in 1732.

Later, several marriages are recorded in the St. Thomas and St. Denis register that probably represent Thomas’ daughters. Henry Simons and Elizabeth Duke(s) were married January 28, 1766, in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish.^⁴³ Henry Simons was a descendant of the Huguenot settler Benjamin Simons, who was granted land in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish in 1709. In the 1800 census of South Carolina a Henry Simons is listed in Colleton County, page 407, along with Robert Simons. M. Simons and William Simons were also listed in Colleton County.

The Simmons family of this area is discussed by Hicks in her study of Indian and other ethnic relationships.^⁴⁴ She demonstrates that this Simmons family was related to the Vanvelsins, one of whom was a witness for the wedding of Robert Duke in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish. John Simmons of Charleston, bricklayer, identified Ann Vanvelsin as his granddaughter in his 1737 will. Simmons seems to have been a Quaker; he refers to the “Meeting House” where he belonged. James Vanvelsen was a witness to the will. His daughter Elizabeth married a Holmes; John Holmes was associated with the Dukes family in this area. A Richard Mason was also a witness; William Mason was later witness to the will of Barbara Dukes in Orangeburgh County. Peter Bonneau, associated with the Duke family on the coast and especially Thomas Goodman Duke, was brother-in-law of Peter Simons. Hicks also identifies a connection between the Simmons family and Alexander Broughton. Alexander Broughton also witnessed the will of Richard Singleton of St. James Goose Creek.^⁴⁵ He was a son of Nathaniel Broughton and Henrietta Charlotte de Chastaigner.

John Frasier and Mary Duke married in 1771, also in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish.^⁴⁶ There appear to have been several individuals named John Frasier/Fraser/Frazer in the lowcountry.

Thomas’ daughter Susannah Duke apparently never married. She is listed in the Auditor General’s Accounts 1778-1780 as having made “clothsloaths” for the troops, for the sum of £147.^⁴⁷ She died of a “paraletic stroke” at the age of 69 years and was buried on 13 Jan 1810 in St. Phillip’s Parish, Charleston.^⁴⁸

Benjamin Duke was in the Berkeley County militia, drafted November 9, 1759, and discharged January 8, 1760.^⁴⁹ This was the son of Thomas Goodman Duke. His unit was under the command of Capt. Benjamin Elliott, Lt. William Sanders, and Ensign Elias Vanderhorst. Sergeants were Samuel “Vernor” (who had been an overseer for William Duke) and George Hamlin.^⁵⁰ Fellow private soldiers included William Hamlin and Hugh Bird, both names that have Duke family associations in Virginia.

On 12 August 1762 Thomas Watts, Benjamin Duke and Susana Duke witnesssed the will of Thomas Dearington of St. Thomas’ and St. Dennis’ Parish, Berkeley County, planter [Charleston Will Book RR 1767-1771].^⁵¹

“Mr. Benjamin Duke of the Parish of St. Thomas & St. Dennis, Planter, admr. with the will annexed of David Watts, late of the Parish of St. Thomas & St. Dennis, Shoemaker, who appointed Elizabeth Watts and Benjamin Simms,^⁵² Extx. & exr. & sd. Elizabeth Watts is since dead and Benjamin Simms hath rendered his Exorship, 31 July, 1783. Sureties: Joseph Warnock^⁵³ of St. Thomas & St. Dennis Parish, Planter, and Frances Bonneau of Charleston, House-Carpenter.”^⁵⁴

The Watts association was clearly important to this branch of the Duke family (see appendix, Watts family). Benjamin’s wife may have been a Watts. Joseph Warnock was the husband of Mary Alston, and also owned property in St. John’s Parish, Berkeley.^⁵⁵

Frances Bonneau is listed in the 1790 federal census as living in St. Phillip’s Parish, Charleston, next door to Edward Rutledge. He married first Hannah Elfe in 1779,^⁵⁶ and second, in 1797, he married the widow of the very successful Charleston merchant Samuel Legare.^⁵⁷ Bonneau had 12 additional white persons in his household, and 11 slaves. This Bonneau family association and the location of his residence argue that this was the Benjamin Duke who was the son of Thomas Goodman Duke, also of the St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish and also closely associated with the Bonneau family.

On 9 December 1784 Benjamin Duke witnessed the marriage of Lewis Bochet^⁵⁸ (Parish of Prince George) and Rebecca Watts (Prince Frederick Parish) at the home of Mrs. Rebeca Watts of the Parish of Prince Frederick (see appendix, Watts Family). The service was conducted by Samuel Fenner Warren, of St. James Parish, Santee.^⁵⁹ Benjamin Duke served as a witness, with Joseph Boutwell.

Lewis Bochet was executor of the will of his brother Samuel, a joiner, in 1765. The will shows connection swith the Mouzon, Guerin, and Dubois families.^⁶⁰ The Boutwells were associated with the Commander family. The LDS IGS shows Joseph Boutwell’s father as Burtonhead Boutwell, of Jeffries Creek, Prince Frederick Parish, Craven County, SC. James Commander acted for the estate of Burtonhead Boutwell with respect to accounts of an old Georgetown District merchant.^⁶¹ Elizabeth Commander, daughter of Samuel Commander of Prince Frederick Parish, was Boutwell’s wife. Samuel Commander was earlier in Dobbs County NC, where he bought land from John Simmons.^⁶² The 1790 federal census lists Joseph Boutwell in Georgetown District, Prince Frederick’s Parish. Burton and John Boutwell^⁶³ were listed in Barnwell County.

The Watts association makes it clear that this Benjamin Duke is the same individual who was a planter of St. Thomas & St. Dennis Parish. The location and the Bonneau association strongly suggest that this is in turn the same individual who was a son of Thomas Goodman Duke, with his several Bonneau family connections.

There also was another Benjamin Duke, who married Rachael Higgins in Charleston. A reference identified him as a house-carpenter of St. Phillips Parish in 1784. It is not likely that this Benjamin Duke was the same as that in St. Thomas and St. Dennis. Benjamin Duke, planter of St. Thomas and St. Denis, is unlikely to have changed to Benjamin Duke, house-carpenter of St. Phillips, in only a year. On the other hand, Frances Bonneau, associated with Benjamin Duke, planter, was also a house-carpenter in Charleston, which is probably but not certainly a coincidence.

Robert Dukes also appears in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish, Berkeley County, SC. Robert Dukes obtained a license in St. Phillips Parish to marry Mary Phyllis Dudley^⁶⁴ on July 3, 1733. Bondsmen were Robert Duke and Edward Vanvelsin, shoemakers, of Charles Towne.^⁶⁵ Robert and Mary Phyllis were subsequently married in the adjacent St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish. Alexander Garden [Anglican] was minister and James Michie, witness. The Robert Duke of Charleston listed as a bondsman was presumably father of the young Robert.

The Dudley family was rare in early South Carolina, although records show that a John Dudley was buried on 10 Sep 1736 in St. Phillip’s Parish, Charleston.^⁶⁶

James Michie, witness for the Duke-Dudley marriage, may have been an attorney who achieved prominence as a member of the Council, chief justice, judge of court of vice-admiralty, and so forth.^⁶⁷ He acquired land in the Orangeburg area, but never lived there.

The Robert Duke of Charleston listed as a bondsman was presumably father of the young Robert. A Gerrett Vanvelsen advertised as a shoemaker working in “the old house over the Bridge facing Church St.” in Charleston.^⁶⁸ He is also listed as “Capt. Gerrit Vanvelsen”, and with Mr. John Laurens (presumably the same individual who was witness of Nicholas Duke’s will in Charleston in 1733) was appointed a Fire-Master of the Friendly Society in Charleston.^⁶⁹ The will of Edward Vanvelsen was recorded 3 May 1748 (MM 314-317) and that of Garret Vanvelsen was recorded 9 Feb 1749/50 (B 331-332); the will of William Vanvelson was recorded 1 Mar 1762 (V 111).^⁷⁰ The LDS IGI lists the marriage of Garrett Vanvelson as 17 Jul 1728 to Hannah Johnson.

In 1768 Robert Dukes was paid £200 “for a negro executed”^⁷¹ There are three references to this, which might be one or three incidents. The wording is ambiguous, and could mean that Robert was paid £200 for conducting the execution or was reimbursed £200 for the value of a slave executed by others. Since the cost of slaves at this time was about £100-200, the second meaning is most likely.

William Duke was a ship’s captain who lived at Hobcaw. A series of Custom House Notices from the South Carolina Gazette document this:

William Duke was listed as Master of the Ann and Elizabeth, a 35 ton sloop out of Charleston, built SC 1750, registered 23 June 1750, owned by Clement Lemprier.^⁷² This was a ship for which Thomas Goodman Duke had served as master, a year earlier.

The marriage of William Duke and “widow Halliburton” at Hobcaw, Christ Church Parish, appears dated 13 Jan 1749 in the Christ Church Parish Register.^⁷³ Joan Watkins had married William Haliburton in Christ Church Parish on 10 April 1743;^⁷⁴ his death is not recorded in the register. He probably died at sea. On 24 January 1743 the South Carolina Gazette indicated that William Halliburton was shipmaster of the St. George, entered in from Jamaica at Charles Towne. On 7 March 1743 he was listed as entered out for London, also in the St. George, and on 11 April 1743 he was cleared to depart to London.^⁷⁵ There is no record of his return.

The Watkins family had resided in the Charleston, SC, area for some time before Joan’s marriages. John Wattkins appeared in the Province of South Carolina in April 1692 on the ship Loyall Jamica, a privateer vessel.^⁷⁶ John Watkins was a petitioner against the Proprietors in 1716/1717, along with Richard Weekly, William Burnley, Peter Bacot, and Michael Blackwell, among many others.^⁷⁷ Anne Watkins married Joseph Morgan in St. Phillip’s Parish, Charleston, on 15 Sep 1721.^⁷⁸ Ellinor, daughter of William Watkins and his wife Rachel, was baptised at St. Phillip’s on 10 Mar 1742. The Christ Church Parish Register shows that Mary Watkins was born to John and Mary Watkins on the 25 Dec 1722/23 and was baptized “3. Day of 1722/3.”^⁷⁹ John and Mary were probably also parents of Joan; her son John was not named for any known ancestor in the Duke line, and the location of the marriage, at Hobcaw Point, suggests that Mary’s family was the Christ Church Watkins family that was associated with shipping.

A search of the South Carolina Gazette yielded quite a few Watkins listing(s), among them confirmation that John Watkins was involved in shipping:^⁸⁰ listings for an unknown Watkins, shipmaster, appeared in a customs house notice of 20 July 1734 related to the brigantine Dragon, entered out for Providence. A later notice makes it clear that this was John Watkins. John Watkins, shipmaster, was cleared to depart to Jamaica in the Dragon, a brigantine, in a customs house notice of 5 Oct 1734. He was entered in from Boston in the Lusitania, another brigantine, in a notice of 26 Feb 1737. He was entered out for Falmouth, again in the Lusitania, in a notice of 12 Mar 1737. He was cleared to depart to Falmouth in a notice of 2 April 1737. Advertisements were placed in theGazette for the settlement of the estate of John Watkins on 27 September 1742. John Watkins, attorney, apparently a son of the older John Watkins, appears in financial notices of 25 May 1748, 1 June 1748, and 8 June 1748.

In both 1751 and 1757, William Duke was listed as a petit juror for Christ Church Parish, Berkeley County.^⁸¹

William Duke encountered numerous legal complexities, most of them related to an apparent unwillingness to pay bills. Various judgement roll suits were brought against William Duke, 1752-56:

Joseph Tobias^⁸² was identified as a Charleston shopkeeper, and on 22 January 1752 sued William Duke of Christ Church Parish, planter, for payment of a total of £854 owed against notes.^⁸³ One was for £427 and was due January 1, 1750, at 8% interest; the names of witnesses were not legible. Andrew Rutledge was attorney for Dukes, while Charles Pinckney was attorney for Tobias.

Samuel Varnor^⁸⁴ was overseer for the “plantation and Negroes” of Capt. William Duke, and sued for £100 payment through William Burrows, his attorney, on 18 Apr 1753.^⁸⁵ This Samuel Varnor was presumably related to Elizabeth Varnor, who on 5 Feb 1744/45 married Capt. Clement Lemprier. In the same year and place Henry Varnor married the Widow Guellard. Elizabeth Varnor Lemprier died soon after her marriage; Capt. Lemprier remarried, to Ann Wilks, on 20 Dec. 1746.^⁸⁶

Robert Sutton of Christ Church parish, planter, in 1754 sued William Duke for a £182 debt incurred in 1753.^⁸⁷ Richard Tookerman signed as witness for the note, which was drawn up “near Hobcaw.” Egerton Leigh served as attorney for William Duke. James Wright was attorney for Sutton.

The most interesting suit for debt was brought against William Duke by John Holmes in 1756.^⁸⁸ Holmes had apparently purchased the Hobcaw Ferry, including a tavern, and presented an itemized account with his suit. This was a long list of charges that included numerous ferry trips to and from town for William Duke, for his spouse, for Nancy Watkins, and for a “Coby” or “Caly” Watkins. There were also charges for drinks (punch and toddy) and suppers on several occasions each with Clement Lamprier and with William Stewart.

John Holmes and Francis (Francois) Farree of Christ Church Parish were sued by Joseph Wragg, a Charleston merchant, regarding a debt dating to Sep 1738. Paul Trapier was a witness, and the suit was filed 20 Apr 1741 (SC Archives, Judgement Rolls, 0151 02 025A 0036A 00). This is especially interesting when the later association of Peter Farree or Faure and Joseph Dukes of Orangeburg is considered.

John Holmes was rather indirectly connected by marriage to William Duke. He married Katherine Fowler, widow of Richard Fowler, on 20 July 1720.^⁸⁹ The sister of William Duke’s wife, Ann Watkins, was married to Jonathon Fowler. (The Fowlers were related to the Screven family, as evidenced by Hannah Screven and James Fowler administering the estate of William Screven of Prince George Parish, Craven County, SC.^⁹⁰ The Screven family was instrumental in establishing Georgetown, SC, and were related to the Pendarvis family.) John Holmes, Sr., was buried in Christ Church Parish on 3 Jun 1759.^⁹¹

William Dukes was listed twice on the St. Phillips jury roles in 1757, once as a grand and once as a special juror.^⁹² The first listing required having paid at least £5 tax for the year and the other required paying exceptionally high taxes that year. Land was taxed very little, but equipment, merchandise, and slaves were subject to higher taxes. Ministers, attorneys, civil servants, and legislators were exempt from the jury lists. We can assume that William Duke did not fall into the exempt classes of people, and that he or they owned substantial equipment, merchandise, or slaves.

It is not clear how many individuals are represented here. A single William Duke might have qualified for both jury lists, and might also be listed in other counties (see below). During the colonial period jury service was based upon property ownership rather than residence. An individual might be taxed and also listed for jury duty in any county in which he owned property, and everyone was subject to service in Charleston.

In 1759, advertisements by William Duke of Christ Church Parish appeared on 22 Sep, 29 Sep, and 7 Oct in the South Carolina Gazette. ESCN Database Reports categorized these as having to do with “Auctions, Sales/Land, and Rice” and “Auctions, Sales/Land, and Indigo.”

William Duke brought a suit against Arthur Baxter in July 1761.^⁹³ This was not related to a debt, but to a charge that Baxter “did beat wound and evilly entreat and other enormities . . . did to the damage of the said William Duke.” The incident was alleged to have taken place 19 Nov 1759 at Kingston near little Pee Dee; Kingston was a coastal township in the extreme north of South Carolina. Baxter was said to have used “staves, fists and clubs” in his attack. Baxter was partial owner of a ship.^⁹⁴ He owned of the 30 ton schooner John out of Georgetown, with George Starrat, registered Georgetown 25 May 1748. Both Baxter and Starrat were identified as planters.

23 July 1759. Phillip Herndon of Anson, carpenter, to Nicholas White, of same for 15 pounds proc. money...320 A., 1/2 of 640 A granted to James Baber & conveyed to Herndon, on SW side of Pee Dee, granted 22 May 1741... Phillip Herndon {LS} Wit: Heza. Russ, Robt. Abraham, Wm. Dukes.

Before 24 September 1764 Anson County included all or parts of the SC counties of Marlboro, Chesterfield, Lancaster, York, Chester, Cherokee, Union, Spartanburg, Greenville, Laurnes, and Newberry.

On 25 July and 1 and 8 August 1761, William Duke of Christ Church Parish was mentioned in general advertisements in the South Carolina Gazette by Warham & Prioleau of Charleston. This firm dealt in general merchandise.

Joan Duke’s will was probated in 1771.^⁹⁵ In her will Joan Dukes left her plantation and slaves to be administered in trust for her minor son John (probably named for her father, John Watkins), and also left a bequest for her niece, Mary Cammell, a minor. She listed two surviving sisters, Catherine Watkins and Anne Fowler, who first married James Cammell and second Jonathon Fowler. Executors for her estate were identified as Jonathon Fowler, her brother-in-law, and Cato Ash.

Witnesses to the will of Joan Duke were Samuel Maverick, Ann Davis, and Jacob Read. There is no mention of William Duke, who must have died between 1761 and 1771. The household goods and even her food supply are disposed of in her will. The will was proved by Samuel Maverick and John Fowler, qualified executors, before the Secretary.^⁹⁶ Samuel Maverick replaced Cato Ash as an executor.

The inventory of Joan Duke’s estate was prepared 13 Mar 1772 by George Ten, John Wish, and William Bennett.^⁹⁷ The estate included slaves (Sambo, Mober, Ben, Jack, Cleander, Juno and her child Robin, and Lucy), 19 head of cattle, 80 bushels of corn, 30 bushels of peas, 1 chest of drawers, 6 chairs, a table, 25 head of sheep, kitchen furniture, 2 bed quilts and mattresses, table linen, 7 large and 7 small silver spoons, tea tongs, and a silver ladle, a pair of gold buttons, gold ring, a table cover, a “lott” of china and earthenware, a tea chest, a table and chairs, and a canoe. The total was valued at £2712/12/0.

After Joan’s will was probated a few other references to a William Duke in the Charleston area appear. It is likely that this refers to a son of the original William Duke. In 1776 a Captain William Duke was listed for a military pension.^⁹⁸ This was presumably not the Capt. William Dukes who later served as a captain in the militia under Col. Brandon after the fall of Charleston, and was still in the militia in 1782 (A. A. 2069; X2795; South Carolina Department of History and Archives),^⁹⁹ who appears to have been a William Duke in Prince Frederick Parish, north of the Santee River.

Charleston Deed Book Y-5, pp. 56-60: “Lease and mortgage, 2 & 3 Apr 1787, John Gatch of Charleston, SC, carpenter, and Catherine his wife, to Lightfoot Harrison Davis and James Nicholson, both of said city, by bond in the penal sum of 60 pounds sterling, as tenants in common and not as joint tenants, lot in the village of Rumney on Meeting Street on a creek which divides it from the distillery. John Gatch (LS) Catherine Gatch (LS) (S) (LS), Wit: Wm. DUKE, John DeWitt. Proved in Charlestown District by the oath of John DeWitt 23 Apr 1787 before Peter Horry, J. P. Recorded 23 Apr 1787." Ref: South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1783-1788.

A Harrison Davis appears in the Kershaw County 1800 federal census, page 413. James Davis was listed on the same page. Francis Davis was listed on page 415.

The fate of Joan Duke’s minor son, John, is not known. However, there is at least one John Dukes in the appropriate area in the late 18th and early 19th century. In 1778 Colonel Pinkney listed John Dukes, from the 6^th Regiment, South Carolina Line, Continental Establishment (army), in his Order Book, April 1, for garrison court martial. He was accused of having “transgressed the Rules and Orders of the General Hospital.”^¹⁰⁰ The 6^th Regiment was largely from Charleston, and was quartered there in 1778. The 6^th Regiment was part of the Continental Line, or regular army, in contrast to the militia.

A John C. or John “Clives” Duke appears in the South Carolina archival records. The name is of interest as a possible indicator of Virginia connections, since the name could easily be “Clivers” rather than “Clives” (there are no families named “Clives” in South Carolina censuses or other central references). Cleavers or Clivers Duke was a prominent member of the Virginia Duke family, resident in Hanover County, VA.

The earliest definite reference to John “Clives” Duke was on 2 March 1811 with a bill of sale for a male slave named Jery, about 8 or 9 years old, from George Fisher.^¹⁰¹ In Oct 1820 John C. Duke is found in the summary process roll, vs. James Martin of Charleston.^¹⁰² In May of 1822, he is listed in “Bartholp, John G. vs John C. Duke and Jackson Brown, otherwise called, Duke and Brown, Summary Process Roll.”^¹⁰³ On 13 November 1822 he is listed in “Deliesseline, Francis G. vs John C. Duke, judgement roll.”^¹⁰⁴ In May 1823 he is listed in “Hoffman, George vs John C. Duke, summary process roll.”^¹⁰⁵ The Hoffman suit appears to have been over a brandy bill for $29.50. None of these transactions is very revealing regarding the origins of John Clives Duke, although they suggest business transactions in the Charleston and occasionally Georgetown areas.

In the 1810 federal census a J. Duke is listed in Georgetown (page 226); no John Duke or J Duke is listed in the 1820 census. However, George Fisher appears in the 1810 federal census in Georgetown (page 211), Barnwell (page 74), and Charleston (page 152) counties. George Hoffman appears in the 1820 federal census for Charleston County (page 48A) and F. A. Deleisseline is listed in the same census (page 71A) in Charleston County. The Deliesseline family appears to have been centered in St. James’ Santee, Parish, in Berkeley County.^¹⁰⁶ It is likely that John Clives Dukes resided near Charleston or Georgetown.

On 7 Sep 1861 a McCrady plat showed lands held by Joan Dukes (61.5 acres), Catharine Watkins (60 acres exclusive of marsh), Ann Fowler (59.5 acres exclusive of marsh) and Elizabeth [Davis struck through] Daws (50 acres exclusive of marsh).^¹⁰⁷ This introduces another name into the group of individuals associated with Joan Duke(s), that of Elizabeth Daws. Adjacent land owners included Roger Sanders; other names are illegible. The property was on a tributary of Hog Island Creek, and the points used by the surveyor included the steeples of St. Phillip’s and St. Michael’s churches in Charleston as well as Hogg Island.

Another reference is frustratingly vague. On 9 February 1768, Henry Laurens wrote to John Polson regarding his affairs in Georgia:^¹⁰⁸

This goes by Mr. William Bruce who if he likes Turtle River will carry some of his own & some of my hands there to saw Pine Lumber. . . He will also pay you a Sum of Money for which you will send a Receipt on my Account and as I have engaged a Complete Carpenter to send to Altamaha shall have no further Use for Mr. Duke, therefore have order’d Mr. Noble to discharge him, & send me his Account. In the meantime perhaps the poor Man may be in want of a little Money; in such Case be so good as to let him have Part of his balance & Charge it to me.”

The Bruce family appears in several contexts in association with the Duke family of South Carolina.

The Mr. Duke in question is unlikely to be William or Thomas Goodman Duke, both mariners by profession. Benjamin Duke, carpenter of Charleston, is a possibility. Joe Lineberger provided the following reference that may involve the same person:

John Duke, planter of Buckhead, issued a Bill of Sale on December 1, 1756 for 35 to Andrew Nowland, yeoman of Buckhead for a Negro woman named Peg. Wit: Tho. Bautch and George Upton. Recorded April 18, 1759. Georgia Colonial Book J, 1755-1762, pp 245-246. [Buckhead was located near Brier Creek which runs through present-day Burke and Screven Counties.]

The first settler in Amelia Township and probably the earliest English settler in the Orangeburgh County area was George Sterling. According to the OGS Website:

George Sterling died 1706, Amelia, South Carolina. George Sterling, probably an Indian trader, settled on Ox (later Lyons) Creek in 1704 and was presumably the first settler in Amelia Township (about thirty years before the township was formed). He came to Orangeburgh from St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish. It's possible that he came to S.C. from Barbados. REF 570 acres 14 Mar. 1704 SC Grant V.38. 497.

Joseph Duke probably came to Orangeburgh not long before references to him in Giessendanner’s records dated 1750 and 1751, although he could have been present earlier in this frontier community. It is interesting that the earlier Duke family members in South Carolina were in and near the same parish where George Sterling originated, but this could easily be coincidence.

Joseph was married by 1750, having children with Margaret Hazelwood Dukes. However his first land grant was not obtained until 1757. This length of time was consistent with an indenture prior to receiving land of his own, but Joseph’s marriage argues against his having been indentured during the early and mid 1750’s. Indentured servants normally were not permitted to marry.

[1751] On Thursday September 26^th In Orangb. Church By Banns, Freeman Snellgrove of Amelia Township to Ann Jenkins, widow, being present: Miles Riley, John Fairy, Joseph Duke. ^¹⁰⁹

It can be assumed that Joseph was a friend of Freeman Snellgrove, to serve as a witness at his wedding. Freeman Snellgrove was the son of Henry Snellgrove of Surry County, Virginia, whose will was probated there in 1721.^¹¹⁰ (Surry County originally included a vast area, the drainages of the Blackwater, Nottoway, and Meherrin Rivers.) His mother was from the numerous Freeman family of southeastern Virginia.

Freeman Snellgrove was the son of Henry Snellgrove and a Miss Freeman from Surry County, VA. Colonial records provide more information on these origins, showing that Henry Snellgrove, son of John Snellgrove of Everett, Dorset, England, was apprenticed to John Bright on 28 June 1684.^¹¹¹ Henry Snellgrove was among twenty-five indentured servants to come over on the ship Booth, commanded by Capt. Peter Pagan (who gave his name to the Pagan River in Virginia) in 1684. Henry’s Indenture number was “D, 615.” Henry was 21; he signed his name with an “x”. Abraham Harrison witnessed the indenture, and Abraham Bayly notarized it.

In 1701 John Poythress Sr. of Deep Bottom was credited with transporting Henry Snellgrove to Virginia: “Grant to John Poythress Sr. of Deep Bottom, 350 acres lying on the north side of the Nottoway River, for the transportation of seven persons; John Lee; Robt. Boreman, Humphry Hix, Henry Snelgrove, Mary Drin, U. Standback, Wm. Lambud. 24, Oct 1701.”^¹¹² In the 1600’s it was common for several merchants or planters to claim land from the crown for transportation to Virginia of a single individual. In those pre-computer days, it was apparently difficult to verify that no previous grant had been given for the same immigrant. It is even possible that Poythress obtained Snellgrove’s indenture legitimately, buying it from John Bright.

The Poythress family lived at Flowerdew Hundred, as did Capt. Henry Duke and his wife Elizabeth Taylor Duke. Freeman Snellgrove’s father was basically a nextdoor neighbor of Capt. Henry Duke and his family during the period of his indenture. John Poythress was among the three individuals who appraised and inventoried the estate of Capt. Henry Duke in Prince George Co. VA, along with John Hatch and Gilbert Hay, on 22 Jan 1718/19 (Prince George Co VA Wills, Deeds, etc. 1713-1728, pgs. 336-337).^¹¹³ John Poythress was both attorney and social acquaintance to Elizabeth Taylor Duke. On 19 Sep 1720 Col. William Byrd recorded in his diary that he dined at his home, Westover, with Mrs. Duke and her attorney, Mr. Poythress, along with his “brother and sister Duke,”James Duke and his wife, Mary Byrd Duke.^¹¹⁴

It is said that Henry Snellgrove was married to Miss Freeman by 1693.^¹¹⁵ Given the time period, the Miss Freeman who married Henry Snellgrove must have been a daughter of John Freeman, who established the Freeman family in Surry Co VA.^¹¹⁶ This John Freeman is believed to be the son of James and Mary Freeman, and the grandson of Lt. Col. Bridges Freeman and Bridget Fowler of New Kent Co VA. John Freeman obtained many early land grants along both sides of the Nottoway River in Surry Co (later Sussex Co), beginning in 1701.^¹¹⁷

We know little of Henry Snellgrove’s life in Surry Co VA. The Bristol Parish Vestry Book shows the following reference to a William Snellgrove.^¹¹⁸“It is ordrd That William Snelgrove Son of Jane Matts wife of Wm. Matts Indian the s’d Snelgrove be bound unto Robt Lyon to serve sixteen years from the date of the Indenture which is Nov. 7th, 1722.” From this reference, it seems likely that Henry Snellgrove had an illegitimate son, and that Freeman had an illegitimate half-brother. William Snellgrove remained in Virginia. In 1748, 1749, and 1741 he was listed as a titheable individual in what is now Prince Edward County, VA.

Henry Snellgrove died by early 1720. The inventory of the goods and chattels of Henry Snelgrove was taken and appraised by Christopher Tatum, Peter Tatum and Frances Maybury [Mabrey]. John Doby was Administrator. The inventory was recorded on Feb 24, 1720 in Surrey County Virginia, Deeds and Wills, 1715-1730, Book 7, p 328:^¹¹⁹

The individuals who administered and inventoried his estate indicate that Snellgrove, like the John Freeman family, lived between the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers in the portion of Surry Co that became Sussex Co, VA. John Doby, administrator of the Henry Snellgrove estate, gave his name to a stream that lies near the boundary between Prince George and Sussex counties, adjacent Pigeon Swamp in Sussex Co.

Freeman Snellgrove would have been a minor at his father’s 1720 death. It is likely that he thereafter stayed with his Surry Co Freeman relatives. John Freeman Sr., is estimated to have died in about 1725. His sons who survived him, and with whom Freeman Snellgrove might have lived for a time, include the following:

Henry Freeman (will probated 1755) lived on the north side of the Nottoway River in Sussex with his wife Prudence Jones, daughter of Arthur Jones.

Arthur Freeman (1706-1755) also lived on the north side of the Nottoway River, and had sons Hamlin (m. Lucy Hancock), Elizabeth, Thomas, James, and Joel (d. 1758, m. Martha (Patty) Richardson, daughter of William Richardson).

John Freeman Jr. later owned land in Greensville Co VA, acquiring it in grants the same day that John Duke and John Taylor Duke, sons of Capt. Henry Duke of Prince George County, VA, obtained adjacent land.

The Freeman family of Surry County were well acquainted with the family of Capt. Henry Duke, next-door neighbor of the Poythress clan and therefore of Henry Snellgrove. Capt. Henry Duke died in about 1720, and his second wife, Elizabeth Taylor Duke, joined with her sisters to sell land on Pigeon Swamp left to them by their father, Capt. John Taylor. John Freeman served as witness to these transactions:^¹²⁰

p. 123 (p.493) 17 Dec 1723...John Hardyman and wife Henrietta Maria Hardyman, Francis Hardyman and wife Sarah Hardyman, Elizabeth Duke and Frances Greenhill to Nicholas Partridge . . . 262 acres on east side of Pidgeon Swamp and bounded by the Underground Branch and Richard Bland, decd. Wit: John Mason, John (X) Freeman and William (X) Raynes Per "Surry County, Virginia Records 1652-1684" by Eliza Timberlake Davis.

p. 125-126 (p.529) 17 Dec 1723...John Hardyman and wife Henritta Maria Hardyman, Francis Hardyman and wife Sarah Hardyman, Elizabeth Duke and Frances Greenhill to John Mason...223 acres on east side of Pidgeon Swamp and bounded by Cattail Branch and Richard Bland, decd. Wit: Nicholas Partridge, John (X) Freeman, Jr. and William (X) Rayne Rec: 18 Dec 1723 and 15 Apr 1724 Per "Surry County, Virginia Records 1652-1684" by Eliza Timberlake Davis

p. 126 (p.532) 17 Dec 1723...John Hardyman and wife Henrietta Maria Hardyman, Francis Hardyman and wife Sarah Hardyman, Elizabeth Duke and Frances Greenhill to Nicholas Partridge...262 acres on east side of Pigeon Swamp and bounded by Underground Branch and Richard Bland, decd. Wit: John Mason, John (X) Freeman, Jr. and William (X) Rayne Rec: 18 Dec 1723 and 15 Apr 1724 Per "Surry County, Virginia Records 1652-1684" by Eliza Timberlake Davis

The location of the Capt. John Taylor and Capt. Henry Duke family property on Pigeon Swamp is very near Doby Creek, named for John Doby, administrator of Henry Snellgrove’s estate. These connections make it virtually certain that Henry Snellgrove was well acquainted with the family of Capt. Henry Duke.

Another Pigeon Creek landowner is of interest. Thomas Goodman Duke was one of the earliest Duke family members in South Carolina, and possibly (although by no means certainly) the father or brother of Joseph Dukes of Orangeburgh. A Thomas Goodman, possible source of the name Thomas Goodman Duke in South Carolina, is found in the records of Surry Co. VA. The estate of Thomas Goodman’s wife Elizabeth was inventoried 20 Dec 1748 by Peter Warren, John Watkins, and John Colleck (Surry Co VA Wills and Administrations Book 9, p. 596).^¹²¹ Land records place the home of the Goodman family near Pigeon Creek, where Elizabeth Taylor Duke inherited land from her father John Taylor. ^¹²²

The fact that the family of Capt. Henry Duke was closely associated with the Virginia relatives and associates of Freeman Snellgrove suggests that Joseph Duke may have been from this Virginia Duke family. There are other lines of significant evidence that point in the same direction, but proof remains elusive. This remains an unconfirmed hypothesis.

In the 1748 tithe list of Brunswick County, VA, Freemans’ probable illegitimate half-brother William Snelgrove appears on Captain James Barnes’ list, page 63, near Jarred McConnico, Peter Fontaine, Silvanus Stokes, David Stokes, Charles Stokes, Benjamin Hatcher, Jeremiah Hatcher, Robert Hatcher, and Lydall Bacon. On page 70 we find John Tayloe Duke. On page 75 we find Col. Richard Randolph and Jno. Waller. The 1749 tithe list is similar, differing largely in showing on Lydall Bacon’s list on page 106 Silvanus Stokes and sons David and Silvanus Jr. adjacent to William Snelgrove. This is quite a list of Duke family associates, including the McConnico and Stokes families who moved to South Carolina and married members of the Duke(s) family there. Seth Hatcher also moved to the Orangeburgh District area. The Hatchers listed in Brunswick are descendants of Henry Hatcher, uncle of Seth Hatcher Sr.^¹²³ It is also interesting in this connection that Freeman, VA, is on Reedy Creek adjacent to the area where these families lived.

Miles Riley, the other witness to the Orangeburg wedding of Freeman Snellgrove, is interesting. An individual of the same name was overseer for a Robert Mumford plantation on the Indian Trading Path south of the Meherrin River in Brunswick County (later Lunenburg County) VA in 1728 when Col. William Byrd first surveyed the Virginia-North Carolina boundary line.^¹²⁴ Riley joined Byrd and accompanied him across the Roanoke River. This ties him closely to the Duke family of Virginia, Col. Byrd having been brother of Mary Byrd Duke and brother-in-law of James Duke, son of Col. Henry Duke.

In addition, one of Munford’s plantations was on Reedy Creek on the north side of the Meherrin River, near the land of various members of the Duke family, as this transaction with Sterling Clack of Reedy Creek demonstrates:^¹²⁵

Indenture made the 10th day of November, 1740, between Robert Munford of the County of Prince George, Gent. and Anne, his wife, and Sterling Clack of the County of Brunswick, Gent., for 150 pounds, conveying 1,000 acres being part of a 3,000 acre tract of land purchase of Hodges Goodwyne, brother and heir at law of Thomas Goodwyne, dec'd. on the 6th day of June, 1734 . . . . Acknowledged in Court on April 2, 1742.

Indenture made the 5th day of November, 1742, between Robert Munford of Prince George County, Gent. and Anne, his wife, and James Clack of Gloucester, Gent., conveying 2,500 acres being the remainder of the tract sold to Sterling Clack.

Robert Mumford in 1764 was listed as having 9 white persons in his household, with Thomas Buckingham, overseer, in the list of tithables for Lunenburg County, VA. He could be related to Thomas Mountford, who married Sara Scarsbrooke, widow of John Duke of York County, VA.

This John Fairy is not the origin of the Fairey family of the Branchville area. This John Farree was certified for a grant,^¹²⁷ and the property was surveyed, but he never pursued the actual grant. In his petition to the Royal Council, read 4 Mar 1747/48, he testified that he had been in the province 13 years and has a wife and four children. His petition appears next to that of Abraham Heizenwood, Joseph Duke’s first father-in-law. This John Fairy married Ann “Yssenhut”, daughter of Abraham, on 5 Feb 1743.^¹²⁸ He was a witness, with Miles Riley and Joseph Duke, at the marriage of Freeman Snellgrove and Ann Jenkins.^¹²⁹ John Farree, with Peter Faure, witnessed the sale of land by Seth Hatcher to John Simmons.^¹³⁰

John Farree is said to have moved away before John William Fairey, progenitor of the Fairey family, arrived from Ireland in the1760’s.

On 28 June 1752 Rev. Giessendanner baptised James, son of John and Christina Fairy, born 29 Dec 1751, with Joseph Griffith, Seth Hatcher, and Christina Fairy sponsors.^¹³¹ Presumably Ann Yssenhut Fairy was deceased.

John Farree was probably John Faure. The deed records of South Carolina include an enfeoffment for 200 acres of land on the Pon Pon River (Edisto River) by John Faure and his wife to William Barrie.^¹³² Peter Faure held a land grant adjacent that of John Husenhood, uncle of Abraham Hazelwood (Yssenhut), from 1735.

Joseph received several royal land grants from King George the Second. His first petition to the Council appeared in November 1757, where his name follows those of Mary Fraser and William Morris in a list of grantees.^¹³³

On 1 Nov 1757 Joseph Dukes petitioned the South Carolina Council for 200 acres “on the Edistoe River or waters thereof.”^¹³⁴ On 16 Nov 1757 Joseph Dukes was granted “Two Hundred Acres on the North side of the North Fork of Edisto River partly on a Branch called Tylo Branch in Colleton County bounded South Westward part on Vacant Land and part on Land laid out to William Aldridge, South Eastward on Vacant Land, North Eastward part on Vacant Land and part on Land formerly Surveyed for John Farree, North Westward on Vacant Land.^¹³⁵ This property is immediately below land later owned by Henry Felder, and is north of Branchville, SC. The early road that ran from the Branchville area north to Orangeburg crossed, as did Tylo Branch, a tributary of what is called “Betty Branch” on current USGS quad sheets.

Joseph Hasfort held land on the opposite side of Aldridge’s land.^¹³⁶ Hasfort was a trader with the inland Indians. The earliest Hasfords or Hasforts in Orangeburgh were John, Thomas, and Joseph, along with an Abraham Hasfort. Thomas Hasfort was an Indian trader who was deceased by 1732. His brother, Joseph Hasfort, married Hannah Keys Pendarvis, widow of John Pendarvis. Joseph Hasfort was a petitioner to the crown against the proprietors in 1716,^¹³⁷ and in 1745/47 he was a subscriber contributing to funds for a school for poor children in St. James, Goose Creek, Parish.^¹³⁸ Hasfort maintained cow pens on his property below the town of Orangeburg. He had a half-Indian individual named Elizabeth residing on his property who married in 1746/47 Phillip Jennings, with provisions that she continued to be the servant of Hasfort.^¹³⁹ Jennings lived in what was called “Jennings Quarter” on the Edisto just above the confluence of the north and south forks of the Edisto.

On 21 & 22 Dec, 1767, L & R, William (his mark) Aldridge (Oldridge), planter, & Agnes (her mark) his wife, to Andrew Fredrick, planter, both of Berkeley County, for 272 pounds currency, 300 acres in Berkeley County on Tylo Creek, a branch of North Edisto River, bounding SouthWest on Joseph Harsfort; NorthEast on Joseph Dukes; … Wit: Henry Fielder [Felder?], Daniel Linder; Before Christopher Rowe, J.P.; Recorded 9 Apr 1772 by George Davidson, Pro. Register.

The Council ordered that Memorials be registered with the Auditors Office to further document grants. Joseph Dukes’ grants were confirmed by a memorial of 2 May 1767. The Tylo Branch property was described as a “Plantation or Tract of 200 acres of Lands in Colleton County bounded SWward part on Vacant Lands and part on Lands laid out to William Aldridge, SE on vacant Land NEward part on Vacant Land and part on Land Surveyed for John Farree and Eward on Vacant Land, granted 19 Sep 1758 to this memorialist . . . “^{¹⁴⁰
This property appears to be that immediately north of the western
portion of Joseph Dukes’ other parcel, which he retained.}

A 1757 plat for 100 acres granted to William Aldridge describes the land as “bounded SW on land formerly laid out to Joseph Hasfort, NE to Joseph Dukes and vacant lands, and the other sides vacant.”^¹⁴¹ This land is referenced in many subsequent grants, memorials, and plats.

An 18 May 1767 memorial by William Aldridge refers to 300 acres situated on the tributary of the North Edisto, Tylo Creek, “bounded to the SWward by Land formerly laid out for Joseph Hasforth to the NEward by Joseph Dukes and on all other sides by vacant Land.” Peter Faure is listed as acting for the memorialist.^¹⁴²

Peter Faure is listed on the list of individuals receiving grants of town lots in Orangeburgh in 1736 as Peter Fort.^¹⁴³

In 1741 Francois Farree or Faure of Christ Church Parish was sued by Joseph Wragg, along with John Holmes who bought the Hobcaw Point Ferry from Elizabeth Hazelwood. Peter Faure was later sponsor for Sarah Duke at her baptism. He may well have been an acquaintance of Joseph prior to the move to Orangeburgh. Clayton Rhodes posted the following inquiry on Genforum on 7 apr 2000:

My Peter Faure appears in the records of Orangeburgh, South Carolina, during the period 1735-1765. Am curious about his origins. Wife's name [was] Sarah. His mother married Johann Dietrichs after his father died. He had half sister Barbara Dietrichs. Claudius Faure [was] one of guardians of Pendardvis children whose parents were killed by Indians in 1715. Other family members [were] Patience and Eugenia Faure.

A 22 Dec 1767 memorial for Andrew Frederick refers to 500 acres land in Berkeley County on a branch of Edisto river called Tylo Creek bounded to the SW by land formerly laid out for Joseph Hasfort, to the NE by Joseph Dukes and on all other sides by vacant land. This property originally was granted 7 May 1767 to William Aldridge and was sold to Frederick through lease and release.^¹⁴⁴

A second grant to Joseph Dukes, dated 6 Dec 1758, was for “Three Hundred Acres of land in Berkley County (Surveyed the Twenty fifth March One Thousand Seven Hundred Forty-Eight for John Farree) bounded North westward on George Haigs and Vacant lands.”^¹⁴⁵ The 300 acre tract had been surveyed for John Farree in 1748 on a plat dated 7 Mar 1748.^¹⁴⁶ No petition to the South Carolina Council in the name of Joseph Dukes has been identified for this land.

The later memorial describes the property as “a Plantation or Tract of three hundred acres of land in Berkley County bounded on NWward by George Haig and vacant Lands and on all other Sides on vacant Land Granted the 8 May 1758 to the memorialist.”^¹⁴⁷ (George Haig was a well-known Indian trader who was captured by the Nottowaga and killed in 1748.^¹⁴⁸)

A deed dated 3 and 4 Oct 1758 from Jethro Mannings and his wife Rosena to Reynolds McDaniel, planter, transferred Berkeley County property that bounded south on Joseph Duke’s land.^¹⁴⁹

Joseph’s grant for 300 acres was subsequently sold. A15 May 1772 memorial by Henry Felder traced the history of property held by him, as follows: “A plantation or tract of land containing 300 acres situate in Berkeley County . . . Originally Granted the 8 day of May 1758 to Joseph Dukes at the [illegible] pro money per 100 acres and by him and Barbara his Wife Sold and Conveyed to Andrew Govan & by him to Ronald McDonald Since deceased.^¹⁵⁰ Andrew Govan lived in the Rowesville area at the St. George or Oak Grove Plantation, eight miles south of the town of Orangeburg.^¹⁵¹ Oak Grove is immediately north of Rowesville.

A 1771 deed of land from John Fisher as executor of the will of Ronald McDonald to Henry Felder references 300 acres land originally granted to Joseph Dukes and later sold to Andrew Govan, who in turn sold to McDonald.^¹⁵²

On 7 Sep 1772 Henry Felder’s plat for a 729 acre tract was surveyed. It is described as situated on the waters of the North Fork of the Edisto River, bounded NE and NW of SW on land laid out to Joseph Dukes, to the NE on Henry Felder’s lands, to the SE on George Wilderick’s Land, and Abraham Hisenhood’s lands, all other directions vacant.^¹⁵³

A 23 Nov 1772 memorial by Henry Felder, for 271 acres of his lands, references land in Berkeley County on the north fork of the Edisto bounded NW on Abraham Hiselwoods, SE and SW on George Strathen [Strothers?], SE on Peter Leigh, SE on Paul Johnston, SE on William Aldridge, NE on Michael Dukes and other sides on Felders Land. This survey was certified 5 Sep 1772. The same memorial references 219 acres situated as above bounded NE and NW of SW on Joseph Duke, NE on Henry Felder, SE on George Wilderick and Abraham Hinsenhood [Hazlewood], all other sides vacant. This survey was certified 7 Sep 1772, and both were granted 26 Sep 1772 to Felder.^¹⁵⁴

Joseph married first Margaret Hazelwood, traditionally identified as the daughter of Abraham Hazelwood. Abraham Hazelwood of Orangeburgh District is documented principally through land transactions, although he seldom appears under the name “Hazelwood” in the land transaction documentation. Extensive research regarding this family has determined that they were German-Swiss, and that their original name was probably Eisenhut.

Margaret Hazelwood and Joseph Dukes probably were married in about 1749, but their wedding could have been earlier. The marriage is not recorded in the Giessendanner records. Joseph Dukes and Margaret Hazelwood had two known children:

[1751] On Sunday June 2d in Orangeburgh Church, Thomas, son of Joseph and Margaret Duke. Born 4^th September last. Susceptr. David Rumph, Ulrich Roth, Sertina, wife of Brand Pendarvis.^¹⁵⁵

[1753] On Sunday April 29^th in Orangeburgh Church. Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Margaret Duke; born March 15^th 1753.^¹⁵⁶ Susceptr. Peter Faure and Sarah his wife and Elizabeth, wife of Samuel Suther.

In 1748 Abraham “Heizenwood” (Eisenhut, Heisenhood, Isenhood, etc.) was surveyed 200 acres bounded on the northwest by Joseph Hasfort’s land, and on the southwest by John Hearn’s land.^¹⁵⁷ His petition to the Council, read 4 March 1747/48, indicated that his household consisted of himself and his wife, plus two children, none previously granted land. He further explained that he had been a settler in the province for 12-13 years at that time.^¹⁵⁸ He therefore arrived in South Carolina in about 1735-36. Given his name, it is clear that he was among the German-Swiss settlers in 1735.^¹⁵⁹ He probably lived with his uncle John prior to receiving his own grants. The name Abraham Isenhut or Eisenhut is found in Gais, Appenzell, Switzerland, in records dating to the 1500’s, 1600’s, and 1700’s (LDS microfilm parish records). The name “Abraham” appears to be found in every generation of that family. In response to a query to the Swiss Genealogy website:

Hallo Lynn S. Teague (von ? ) - im sechsbändigem Familienbuch von Triesen/FL ist im Band-Seite 2-284 folgender Eintrag: 1976 die Heirat der Rosmarie Eisenhut von Wald, Appenzell (CH) mit Gaston Frommelt (altes Bürgergeschlecht von Triesen). Kein weiterer Eintrag zu Eisenhut in Triesen/FL! Empfehle Ihnen die konkrete Anfrage nach dem Ahnen "Abraham Eisenhut..." zB. an die SGFF-Auskunftsstelle zu richten. Beste Grüsse - Anton Sprenger.

Alfred Dobler of the SGFF (Swiss Genealogical Society) responded to my query as follows:

John “Hysenhoeds” had a plat surveyed for 200 acres adjacent the land of Peter Faure on 17 Sep 1736.^¹⁶⁰ He received a town lot in Orangeburgh at the same time, no. 264. However, the town lot was later certified for Simon Tyse instead.^¹⁶¹ The Charleston County Deed Book LL:344 shows that on 10 May 1751, Abraham Husenhood, laborer, & Mary, his wife, sold to Henry Felder, cordwainer, for 60 pounds the 200 acres originally granted to John Husenhood, “uncle of said Abraham.” Jacob Rumph and Alexaneder Maxwell were witnesses. Neither Abraham or Mary could write their names; both marked the document with an “x”.

Petitions for subsequent grants were made, citing three additional children on 4 Mar 1754^¹⁶² and an additional four children on 5 Feb 1767.^¹⁶³ These petitions were granted on 21 May 1757 and on 30 0ct 1767.^¹⁶⁴ The 1767 petition is noteworthy as the first instance in which the spelling “Hazelwood” was used in a document filed by Abraham himself (although the first name is given as “Abram”), more than 30 years after John and his nephew came to South Carolina.

John Farree [Holcomb lists “Farrer” but examination of a microfilm of the original confirms “Farree” or Fairey] petitioned the same day as the first of Abraham’s petitions, also indicating 13 years residence in the province, and requesting 300 acres in Orangeburgh Township. Farree’s grant was approved, but later (1757) was granted not to Farree but years later to Joseph Dukes. John Farree married Ann Yssenhoot.

The Charleston County Deed Book LL: 344 shows that on 10 May 1751, Abraham Husenhood, laborer, & Mary, his wife, sold to Henry Felder, cordwainer, for 60 pounds the 200 acres originally granted to John Husenhood, “uncle of said Abraham.”

A 26 Apr 1754 memorial regarding other land sold to Henry Felder identifies Abraham and Mary Isenhood, along with Jacob and Ann Rumph and Daniel Bohman as ‘all heirs at law to the said Melchior Tatweeler deceased Aug 1771.” ^¹⁶⁵ The deceased was Melchior Dattwyler. His daughter Anna married Jacob Rumph, daughter Mary married Abraham Isenhood, and daughter Barbara married Jacob Bowman.

A 1757 plat for 100 acres granted to Andrew Frederick indicates that the property was bounded SW by Abraham Heizelwood’s land, and NE by land laid out to Bernard Leibender.^¹⁶⁶ This property was south of Rowesville and west of the road from Rowesville to Cattle Creek Church.

“South Carolina. A memorial exhibited by Abraham Heisenwood [Hazelwood], to be registered in the office of his Majesty’s Auditor General, pursuant to the Acts of Assembly . . . Of a tract of 300 acres of land, situate lying and being in Berkley County, originally granted by his Majesty King George the Second, on the 26^th day of March 1756 … “

In 1758-59, Abraham Heizenwood also purchased 300 acres of land in Orangeburgh Township from George Restly and wife.^¹⁶⁸

A 1758 plat indicates that a100 acre tract granted to Michael Kolb was bounded on the NW by lands formerly laid out to Abraham Heizelwood, now the property of Erick Johnson.^¹⁶⁹

A memorial by Henry Felder references 219 acres bounded NE and NW of SW on Joseph Duke, NE on Henry Felder, SE on George Wilderick and Abraham Hinsenhood, all other sides vacant. This survey was certified 7 Sep 1772, and the tract was granted 26 Sep 1772 to Felder.^¹⁷⁰ The Joseph Dukes land in question is the 200 acre tract that he retained.

Abraham Hazelwood bought 200 acres of land from Silas Canady in a lease and release transaction: “Lease & release. 14 & 15 Feb 1772. Silas Canaday of Colleton County, SC, and Candice his wife to Abraham Hazelwood of same, for £50 of SC money, 200 acres on waters of Edisto granted to said Silas Canaday 15 May 1770. Silas Canaday (LS), Condice Canaday (+) (LS), Wit.: Jno Cuningham, Abraham Hazelwood, Andrew Frederick. Proved by the oath of Andrew Frederick before Christopher Rowe, 3 Aug 1772. Recorded 25 July 1774.” ^¹⁷¹ This is the second instance of the use of the spelling “Hazelwood.”

[1753] On Sunday Febr. 18^th in Orangeburgh Church. Isaac and Jacob, twins, sons of Abraham and Mary Yssenhut; born December. 26^th 1752. Susceptr. for Isaac: Henry and Mary Elizabeth Felder and Hans Balzinger. Susceptr. for Jacob [Yssenhut]; Jacob Rumph, Joseph Duke and Mary, wife of Hans Balzinger.^¹⁷²

The name “Yssenhut” is now often given as “Whisenhunt.” However, it is also given as “Hazelwood.” Abraham Yssenhut and Mary Dattwyler Yssenhut were the same individuals as Abraham and Mary Hazelwood. Jacob Rumph, who served as a sponsor for Jacob with Joseph Duke, was married to Anna Dattwyler, daughter of Melchior Dattwhiler and sister of Mary Dattwyler “Hazelwood.”

Previously, on 14 Nov 1747, Abraham “Yessenhoot” , born 29 Sep 1747, the son of Abraham and Mary Yessenhoot was baptized, with Jacob Rumph, Peter Hugg, and Anna Dattwyler (later to marry Jacob Rumph), sponsors.^¹⁷³

In 1749 “Abra. Ussenhut” was a party to the petition to ordain Rev. Giessendanner in the Church of England.^¹⁷⁴

On 1 Jul 1750, Giessendanner baptised Johannes, son of Abraham and Mary Issenhut; born May 31^st. Sponsors were Peter Hug, John Inabnet, and Agnes wife of George Giessendanner, Jr.^¹⁷⁵

On Sunday Dec 15 1754 Giessendanner baptised Maria, daughter of Abraham and Mary Yssenhut, born 3 Oct 1754. Sponsors were Henry and Mary-Elizabeth Felder, and Margaret, wife of Christopher Rowe.^¹⁷⁶

On Thursday, 7 Apr 1757, Giessendanner baptised John, son of Abraham and Mary Yssenhut, born 1 Mar 1757. Sponsors were Barnard Lebennder, John and Margaret Inabnet.^¹⁷⁷

Abraham and Mary were frequently baptismal sponsors for others, as well. On Sunday 28 Oct 1750, Abraham Yssenhut, Samuel Davis, and the wife of Elias Snell were sponsors for the baptism of Isaac, son of Jacob and Barbara Brunzon.^¹⁷⁸ (Barbara Brunzon was born Barbara Fuster, and later married Joseph Dukes after the death of Margaret “Hazelwood” Dukes. On 27 Jan 1751 Abraham was sponsor for Abraham, son of Johnathan and Martha Brunson.^¹⁷⁹ On 2 Aug 1752 Abraham was sponsor for Jacob, son of Jacob Rumph and Anna Dattwyler Rumph, his sister-in-law, along with Barbara Bowman, his other sister-in-law.^¹⁸⁰ On 26 Dec 1753, Mary sponsored Mary Margaret, daughter of Hans George and Rosina Russel.^¹⁸¹ On Sunday 1 May 1757 Abraham sponsored Abraham, son of Henry and Mary Elizabeth Felder.^¹⁸² On 25 Dec 1757 he sponsored John, son of Barnard and Mary Apollonia Lebennder.^¹⁸³ On 25 Jun 1758 Mary sponsored Mary Magdalene, daughter of Jacob and Anna Wannamaker. On 1 Apr 1759 Mary sponsored John, son of William Pendarvis and Catharina, wife of Thomas Puckridge.^¹⁸⁴

This total accounts for only seven of the nine children mentioned by Abraham in testimony to the South Carolina Council in land petitions. In addition, Elizabeth Hazelwood is said to have married George Summers, and could be another child of Abraham and Mary Eisenhut. Also, a Peter Whisenhunt was a loyalist and a member of Col. John Fisher’s Regiment, Orangeburgh Militia, Captain Christian House’s Company, in 1780, and is probably another child of Abraham Eisenhut. John and Jacob “Hazelwood” were also listed in the same unit.^¹⁸⁵

This leaves unaccounted for Ann Yssenhut. John Fairy was married to Ann Yssenhut on 5 Feb 1743 by Rev. John Giessendanner.^¹⁸⁶

In 1778/79 Abraham Isenhood appears as one of the 29 Grand Jurors below Orangeburg in “The Jury Lists of South Carolina, 1778-1779, Orangeburg District, Page 66. No member of the Duke or Dukes family is listed as grand juror, although Michael “Duck” appears as a Petit Juror below Orangeburgh in the same lists, page 69.

A John “Hazewood” is listed as having served under Henderson in the same Orangeburgh-based Revolutionary War unit as Thomas Hazelwood.^¹⁸⁷ He is identified as having signed up for Col. Huger’s 5th Regiment 19 Mar 1776 and having been discharged 30 Nov 1777.

In 1820 “Georg Whisehunt” was among those petitioning for payment for militia service near Beaufort during the war of 1812 (General Assembly Petition 1820 No. 87), along with “Isaac Docks”, “Thomas Ducks”, “Micael Ducks”, “Federick Cyfret”, and others. ^¹⁸⁸

Thomas Edmond Dukes (14 Sep 1750 - 1846), married Sarah (1760 - 1840). A Duke family genealogy in the Salley Archives lists Thomas’ wife as “Sara Bruce (decendent of Robert Bruce).” No source is given for this information, or for alternative versions identifying his wife as Sarah Syphreet. Sarah Bruce and Sarah Syphreet could, of course, be the same individual, listed variously by maiden name and that of a previous marriage. However, Syphrett family researchers have been unable to identify any potential parentage for a Sarah Syphrett who might have married Thomas.

Thomas Duke, born 4 Sep 1750, died 1836, enlisted in the Third Regiment on 24 July 1776. (P.I.; N.A.853).^¹⁸⁹ Thomas Dukes told his granchildren of involvement in the fighting with the British in the Orangeburgh town square.^¹⁹⁰

However, another reference suggets that his allegiance may not have been undivided; a Thomas Dukes is listed among the privates serving 101 days in Col. Robert Ballingall's Regiment, Colleton County Militia.^¹⁹¹ This was a Tory regiment drawn in part from local residents in the area below Orangeburgh Township. Ballingall had obtained 500 acres in Colleton County from John Pendarvis^¹⁹² and another 1,400 from Joseph Hasfort,^¹⁹³ and so was a large landowner in the area.

Thomas Dukes had a survey made for 100 acres of land that was ultimately not granted. It was described only as situated in Orangeburgh District, Waters of Edisto, and the listed landmarks (gum trees, for example) do not permit isolating the location.

In the 1790 census Thomas Dukes was listed as having in his household 1 male less than 16 years old, 5 females, and 7 slaves in his household. At least 4 of the females are presumed to be daughters, but a name is known for only one. In this census his nearest neighbor was Andrew Govan, who purchased Joseph’s second grant. Govan lived at the Oak Grove Plantation along the Orangeburg-Branchville highway in the Rowesville area, eight miles south of Orangeburg.^¹⁹⁴ Thomas Edwards and David Crum owned land near that of Abraham Hazelwood, about 2 miles south of Rowesville. Accordingly, we can conclude that Thomas may have lived in that same area, although perhaps not immediately adjacent. He might have been living on lands inherited from Abraham Hazelwood, who had owned very substantial properties just over 2 miles south of Rowesville.

In 1800, Thomas Dukes was listed as more than 45 years old, and was living with a male 10-16 years old, 2 females 10 or younger, and 1 female 10-16 years old.

It has been suggested that Thomas Edmund Dukes I is buried on the old Archie (A.L.) Dukes property on the Cattle Creek Road.^¹⁹⁵

Sponsors at Sarah's baptism were Peter Faure (also known as Peter Fort), Sarah Faure, and Elizabeth [Holman], wife of [Rev.] Sam'l Suther.

Sarah Dukes is said to have married Henry Snellgrove, son of Freeman Snellgrove, in about 1772, and moved to Lexington County, although this is unproven. The will of Sarah Snellgrove is dated Mar 14, 1798; she died about the first day of December 1798.^¹⁹⁶

[1755] Baptized in Orangeburgh Church on Sunday August 31^st George Alexander, son of Joseph and Barbara Duke; born June 21^st 1755. Suscept. Christopher Monheim, and Mary Catharina, wife of Henry Mell.^¹⁹⁷

[1758] On Easter., Monday March 27^th In Orangeb, Church Susannah, Daughter of Joseph & Barbara Duke; born ____ 175 ___. Suret: [blank].^¹⁹⁸

[1760] Rebecca Dukes born 12 Sep 1759, Orangeburgh, South Carolina. 1760 On Sunday Feb. 3 in Orangeburgh Church, Rebeccah, daughter of Joseph and Barbara Dukes, born Sept. 12, 1759. Suret: Henry Felder, Hannah wife of Jonathan Johnson, and Mary wife of Jacob Fund.^¹⁹⁹

Henry Mell was married to Maria Catharina Hutto in 1753 by Giessendanner. The Mells were of English descent, from St. Paul’s Parish, Berkeley Co. The inventory of the estate of John Mell appears in Berekeley County records for 1737, “as shown by Thomas Mell and Willliam Fuller, Exrs.” The inventory was done by Francis Ladson, Richard Fuller, and Henry Wood (Colonial Inventory Book 1-1, pp. 141-142 in SCMAR Vol. VI, Summer 1978, No. 3, p. 177). A William Mell appears in the St. Paul’s, Beech Hill, tax returns for 1782 (SCMAR Vol. II, Fall 1974, No. 4, p. 171). He was a collector of returns for this parish on the Stono and the east side of “Pon Pon” (Edisto) in 1783 along with Melcher Garner (SCMAR Vol. II, Fall 1974, No.4, p. 176). In the 1785 returns William Mell is listed at Beashill St. Pauls with 19 negroes and 2 wheels (SCMAR Vol. V, Summer 1977, No. 3, p. 166), and again a William Mell with 5 negroes. James and Thomas Mell were also listed in St. Pauls’ records with great frequency.

Christopher Monheim was married in 1752 to Catherine Fry, by Giessendanner. He is believed to have been born in Germany.

On 29 and 30 Aug 1768 there was a “lease and release” transaction between Michael and Barbara Dukes that was recorded in 1774, the year of her death:^²⁰⁰

M-4, 303-308: Lease & release. 29 & 30 Aug 1768, Michael Dukes of St. Georges Parish, Berkeley County, Sc, planter, to Barbary Dukes his mother of same place, gentlewoman, for £50 SC money, 100 acres in Berkley County adj. land of John Faree, land granted to William Aldridge, it being one half or moiety of 200 acres granted to Joseph Dukes the father of said Michael Duke 3 Sept 1758, recorded in Book SS, page 428 [plat included in deed]. Michael Dukes (LS), wit. Ronald M’Donald, William M’Kenzie, George Andally. Proved 25 June 1774 before Christopher Rowe, J.P. in Orangeburgh District by the oath of George Andally. Recorded 10 Oct 1774.

This involved half of the original 200 acre grant to Joseph Dukes, probably the western half since the land of John Felder isn’t mentioned as bounding the property. The absence of Joseph from this transaction, and from Barbara’s will, suggest that he was no longer alive at this time. The document refers to Michael as their son, and thus establishes his parentage. Michael is selling his interest in the property to his mother. It is interesting that the deed was proven a few weeks after the date of Barbara’s will.

The will of Barbara Dukes of Orangeburg District and St. Matthews Parish, has survived, and was recorded in the Charleston District Will Book 1774-1779, p. 179:^²⁰¹

I do desire that the tract of land whereon I now dwell which is a tract of one Hundred Acres with the houses and other Appurtinances thereunto belonging may be sold at Public Sale within nine Months after my Decease, and the Money Arising from the Said Sale to be equally Divided amongst the following persons, Paul Johnston, Jonathon Johnston, Elizabeth Lemons, Rebecca Dukes and Susanna Dukes—Item I do desire that all the Horses and Hoggs belonging to Me may Also be sold at Public Sale, except two Sows the one for Rebecah the other for Susanna Dukes and the Money arising therefrom to be equally divided amongst the forementioned Persons … Item I do give and bequeath to Jonathan Johnston one Iron Pot and one Note of Hand due from William Pendarvis of Sixty Pounds Currency—Item I do given the Bequeath unto my Daughters Rebecah and Susanna Dukes, some Oxnaburgs that I have sent for to Charleston by Mr. Landal to the value of eight Pounds, one Bed, three new blankets, one bed quilt, one Spinning Wheel and all my Cotton Caps and Handkerchiefs—Item I do give and bequeath to the said Paul Johnston all the Debts that remain due to me … Item, I do give and bequeath to my Daughters Margaret Johnstone, Nancy Johnston and Elizabeth Lemons all the remainder of my Wearing Apparel … I do give and Bequeath to Elizabeth Lemons one Straw Bed and the remainder of the blankets — Item I do desire that all the rest of the Goods and Chattles should be sold at Publick sale and the Money arising therefrom to be divided equally amongst Paul Johnston, Jonathon Johnston, Elizabeth Lemons, Rebecah and Susannah Dukes—Item I do constitute and apppoint Paul Johnston to be my Sole Executor to do and Execute this my last Will & Testament. Barbara Dukes.

Barbara signed with an “x.” Witnesses were Josiah Langdale and William Mason (who also signed with an “x”).

Randy Floyd seems to have solved the mystery of Barbara’s identity, as outlined in this message:

He married SARAH HATCHER, daughter of SETH HATCHER and ELIZABETH ALDAY. She died Bef. February 15, 1772.

3. BARBARA FUSTER (JOHN1) died 1774 in Orangeburg Co., SC. She married (1) JACOB BRUNSON January 26, 1737/38. She married (2) ROBERT LAMMONS 1750. She married (3) JOSEPH DUKES 1754, son of THOMAS DUKES and SUSANNAH. He was born Abt. 1728 in St. Phillip's Parish, SC, and died in Orangeburg Co. , SC.

i. HANNAH BRUNSON, b. Bef. 1747; m. JONATHON JOHNSTON, Bef. February 26, 1765.

On 26. January have married Jacob Pruncen to Miss Barbara Furster, daughter of Johannes Furster, Tinter (Hans Ulrich Giessendanner, the elder)

Hannah, wife of Jonathon Johnson, witnessed the 1759 christening of one of Barbara’s Dukes children. Given the 1738 marriage date with Brunson, however, an adult daughter for Barbara at the time of her last Dukes child is possible. This tends to confirm suspicions that Joseph Duke was not terribly young at the time of his marriage to Margaret Hazelwood, unless he was significantly younger than his second wife.

A deed also confirms Randy’s reconstruction. Hannah, wife of the Jonathon Johnston mentioned in Barbara Dukes’ will as her daughter, is identified as the grandaughter of Johannes Fuster, and in Charleston Co SC Deed Book K-3:255, 26 Feb 1765, provided a deed of Jonathon Johnson and wife Hannah to Henry Felder for the 300 acres granted 17 Sep 1736 to John (Johannes) Fuster. This was the property immediately north of that of John Hazelwood. The deed book indicates that Hannah was the “only” grandchild, but this is an obvious error.

John Fuster married Sarah Hatcher, daughter of Seth Hatcher, in 1741.^²⁰² After the death of John Fuster, Sarah Hatcher Fuster remarried to John Clayton and was the mother of his many children. By 1749/50, we have the following record:^²⁰³

Sirrah, daughter of John and Sirrah Clayton; born April 30^th a. c. Susceptr. William Pendarvis, Sirah, wife of William Cooper, and Mary, wife of David Rumph.

In 1735 300 acres were surveyed for John Fuster, adjacent Ulrich Tobler (South Carolian Colonial Plat Book 9, page 454).^²⁰⁴ The number of acres indicates that John Fuster was accompanied by five others, each receiving a 50 acre headright. The identity of five: John Fuster, his wife Elizabeth Tobler Fuster, John Fuster, Barbara Fuster, and Salome Fuster, is known.

On Tuesday 19 Nov 1741 “Elizabeth Fusterin, widow” was married to Christian Swartz, in the presence of Kilian Abecklin, John Fuster and 2 children.^²⁰⁵ Joop Giessendanner’s translation:

The remaining children on the Fuster side presumably included Barbara Fuster and Salome Fuster.

On 26 Feb 1765 the following was recorded (Charleston County SC Deed Book K-3, page 255):

Jonathon Johnston and Hannah, his wife, of below Orangeburg to Henry Felder of Orangeburg Township for 35 pounds, sold 300 acres granted 17 Sep 1736 to John Fuster and adjoins SE on vacant land, NW on Ulrich Tobler, SW on Pon Pon River, SE on Ulrich Spice & John Hysenhood. Said Hannah, wife of Jonathon Johnston, being the only grandchild of Fuster. Wit. Isham Clayton, John Simmons, William (x) Aldridge. Before Christopher Rowe, J.P. 2 May 1768. Recorded 7 Jul 1768 by Fenwick Bull, Reg.

John Fuster and Ulrich Tobler were listed among those receiving1736 town lot grants in Orangeburg.^²⁰⁷

In 1736 John Hysenhood (Hazelwood) received a land grant adjacent Peter Faure and John Fuster (South Carolina Colonial Plat Book 9:494).^²⁰⁸

In 1761 Ulrich Tobler “of New Windsor” sold land adjacent John Fuster that was granted to him in 1736 (South Carolina Colonial Plat Book 20, page 358).^²⁰⁹

[1740] (4.) 27 Jany 1738 Married – Jacob Pruncen [Brunson] to Miss Barbara Fusters Lawful daughter of Johannes Fusters.

(45.) On Sunday, October 28^th Isaac, son of Jacob and Barbara Brunzon; born ____. Susceptr. Abraham Yssenhut. Samuel Davis, and ____ wife of Elias Snell.

[1751] (18.) On Tuesday, may 28th. In Ditto. By Ditto. Robert Lammon to Barbara, widow of Jacob Brunzon, deceased, Both living upon Edistoe River. Being present Michael Christopher Rowe, Joseph Griffous, Samuel Davis.

There is no record of the marriage of Joseph Dukes and Barbara, but three of their four children were baptised by Rev. Giessendanner and appear in those records.

Samuel Davis was married to Salome Fuster, daughter of Johannes Fuster who owned the land immediately north of that of John Hazelwood, uncle of Abraham Hazelwood. The marriage was performed by Giessendanner before his trip to England (Salley, p. 107),

Francis Lemmon also appears in a list of all married by John Giessendanner, as “86. Francis Lamons . . . . To N.N.”^²¹³ This would have been in the late 1740’s, prior to Giessendanner’s trip to England to be ordained in the Anglican communion, although no specific date was given. Francis Lamons is probably the same individual recorded as Francis Lemmon, member of the 7th Company, Beach Hill District, St. Paul’s Parish, Berkeley County militia of 1756.^²¹⁴

Another reference links Francis Lemon and an Elizabeth Lemon. This is in the 1770 records of the Court of Ordinary pertaining to the will of Margaret Beaird of St. Mathews Parish. Land grants to both a George and a James Baird were recorded in the Amelia Township near the Broad River; they were near neighbors of Peter Crim’s 250 acre grant that was surveyed 8 Mar 1749 and granted 30 Nov 1750. ^²¹⁵ Jonas Beard served as a justice for Orangeburgh District in 1776.^²¹⁶ There was dispute whether the will of Margaret Baird should be approved despite an irregularity in the signature; Francis Lemon and his wife Elizabeth were involved.^²¹⁷

William Pendarvis, who owned money to Barbara Dukes, was one of the seven children of Joseph Pendarvis and Parthena. These children were raised by a guardian who owned land near that of the Dukes and Hazelwood families.

William Mason’s “x” signature on the will is perplexing, since the only William Mason identified to date in the area was surely literate. That William Mason was a Justice of the Peace for Berkeley County in April 1771.^²¹⁸ At another time he was coroner for Berkeley County.^²¹⁹

Paul Johnston was granted land very near the 200 acre Joseph Dukes grant in 1767.^²²⁰ Jonathon Johnston’s wife Hannah was baptismal sponsor for Rebecca in 1759.

Hannah, wife of the Jonathon Johnston mentioned in Barbara Dukes’ will, was the grandaughter of Johannes Fuster, and was identified as his only grandchild in Charleston Co SC Deed Book K-3:255, 26 Feb 1765, deed of Jonathon Johnson and wife Hannah to Henry Felder for the 300 acres granted 17 Sep 1736 to John (Johannes) Fuster. This was the property immediately north of that of John Hazelwood.

George Dukes enlisted in the Third Regiment on 20 July 1777. N.A.853. [Same regiment as Thomas E. Dukes; commanded by Col. William Thomson.] He was among the soldiers of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment stationed at Fort Sullivan and later Fort Moultrie, 20 Jul 1777,^²²¹ but no later reference to him has been found. George Alexander is not mentioned in the will of his mother Barbara Dukes, and he does not appear in subsequent South Carolina records. A search of the South Carolina Department of Archives and History records showed that no land grants are recorded in his name, and his name is never given as holding property adjacent to others who held land in the area. He does not appear in the federal census of 1790 or later.

Michael Dukes does not appear in the Giessendanner records. His birthdate is sometimes given as 1760, possibly because this was the year in which Giessendanner's records ended, thus accounting for his absence in those records. However, there are gaps in the earlier Giessendanner records, and the 1760 date is inconsistent with other documents. Both census records, which indicate that he was more than 45 years old (and had several children ranging in age from more than 10 to more than 16 years old) in 1800, and land records, which demonstrate that he made land transactions at least as early as 1768, show that this Michael Dukes was more likely to have been born in 1754 or later.

The size of Joseph Dukes' land grants also argue for an early birthdate for Michael. Joseph received 500 acres in 1757 and 1758, consistent with having a wife and 7 children at the time of the grants, which were surveyed in 1757. The head of household was granted 100 acres; all other members of the household accounted for 50 acres each. Joseph's lands were surveyed in 1757, when he had a wife (Barbara), two sons (Thomas and George Alexander), and a daughter (Sarah) documented in the Giessendanner records. Barbara Dukes' will documents her daughters from a previous marriage, presumably raised with the Dukes children and part of the household: Elizabeth, Margaret and Nancy Johnston. The total is therefore one short of that needed to account for Joseph's land grants. Michael is probably the missing child.

On 29 and 30 Aug 1768 there was a "lease and release" transaction between Michael and Barbara Dukes that was recorded only in 1774, the year of her death:^²²²

"Lease & release. 29 & 30 Aug 1768, Michael Dukes of St. Georges Parish, Berkley County, SC, planter to Barbary Dukes his mother of same place, gentlewoman, for £50 SC money, 100 acres in Berkley County adj. land of John Faree, land granted to William Aldridge, it being one half or moiety of 200 acres granted to Joseph Dukes the father of said Michael Dukes 3 Sept 1758, recorded in Book SS, page 428 [plat included in deed]. Michael Dukes (LS), Wit.: Ronald M'Donald, William M'Kenzie, George Andally. Proved 25 June 1774 before Christopher Rowe, J.P. in Orangeburgh District by the oath of George Andally. Recorded 10 Oct. 1774."

This kind of transaction was often used by relatives to transfer their interest in a jointly owned property. In this case, Barbara was buying Michael’s interest in the inherited parcel. Although the transactions were recorded in 1774, the year of Barbara's death, they originated in 1768. It is very likely that Joseph Dukes was dead by that year, since he had no part in these transactions involving land originally granted to him. Some sources indicate that he was alive until about 1800, but no verifiable reference to his owning land or participating in any transaction post-dates the 1774 transaction. The 1800 date probably derives from the census appearances of Joseph Dukes of Sumter District.

It is very important that the land transaction between Barbara and Michael Dukes refers to Barbara Dukes as the mother of Michael Dukes, since Michael is not mentioned in the Giessendanner records and this provides the only unequivocal evidence of the relationship.

We have concluded that Joseph died before 1768. He was surely alive in the late 1750’s, when the last of the known children were born, so it is within that interval that he died. The cemetery where Joseph is buried is reported by the DAR to be located immediately east of the Branchville-Rowesville road about 3.5 miles north of the center of Branchville. This is probably incorrect, and at least is undocumented.

On 23 Nov 1772, Henry Felder registered a memorial for property bounding that of Michael Dukes:^²²³

"A plantation or tract of 271 Acres Situate in Berkley County on the waters of the N. fork of Edistoe river bounding NW on Abraham Hiselwoods SE & SW on George Strathen [Strothers?] SE on Peter Leighs SE & SW on Paul Johnston SE on William Aldridge and NE on Michael Dukes and all other Sides on said Felders Land.

Paul Johnson's 150 acre tract had been granted in 1767: "I have surveyed and laid out unto Paul Johnson one hundred and fifty acres of vacant land, in St. George's Parish, Berkley County, Bounding S on Joseph Hasfort, W on the Hon. Peter Leigh, and the Hon. Egerton Leigh, E on William Aldridges, N on said Aldridges and vacant land … Certified the fifth day of May 1767. John Mitchell, L.S."

On 10 Feb 1773 a plat was registered for Andrew Frederick, showing a plat in Berkeley County on the NE side of the Pon Pon (Edisto) River, bounded NW on Joseph Hasfort's land and land held by Andrew Frederick, NE on land held by William Farrie (Fairey), and Alexander Syfrets and Michael Dukes, all other sides vacant.^²²⁴ This property was north of the Cattle Creek Road and southeast of Rowesville.

A Sep 1773 memorial for the same property by Andrew Frederick describes his tract of 300 acres in Berkley County bounded NE by Pon Pon river (Edisto River), SW on Joseph Hasfort and Andrew Frederick, NE on William Faris (Fairey) and Alexander Syfrits and Michael Dukes all the other sides vacant.^²²⁵

On 10 Aug 1784 Michael Dukes was granted "a Plantation or Tract of Land, containing Two hundred and fifty Acres Situate in the District of Orangeburgh, Waters of North Edisto on Cat Fish Bay."^²²⁶ The plat for this land shows, in addition to Cat Fish Bay, only cypress and pine tree markers.^²²⁷ Catfish Bay is the large bay in the V formed by Hwy. 21 north of Branchville and Hwy. 210 toward Bowman. It is just to the east and then to the south of Hunting Road as you follow it northward. Looking to the sides of the Branchville North topo, it is the largest bay on the bottom half of the map and is at the intersection of 17'30" & 47'30".

On 27 May 1785 Michael Dukes was granted, in consideration of fourteen shillings, "a Plantation or Tract of Land, containing Thirty Acres Situate in the District of Orangeburgh."^²²⁸ The plat for this property shows that it is bounded by Dukes', Felder's, Fairy's, and Frederick's lands. It appears to have been adjacent to the old Joseph Dukes 200 acre plat.

Michael Dukes appears in the1790 federal census in Orangeburg District, North, with 3 sons under the age of 16 and 4 females, presumably a wife and 3 daughters but possibly 4 daughters. There were also 3 “other free” persons and 11 slaves.

On 19 Jan 1791 Michael Dukes was granted "a plantation or tract of land, containing Sixty-three acres. Surveyed for him the 19th of May 1790. Situate in the District of Orangeburgh on Catfish Bay, Waters of North Edisto bounded South East by Michael Dukes Land North East by Byrd's Land NorthWest by Land laid out." ^²²⁹

On 11 Dec 1793 Michael Dukes was given a grant of "a plantation or tract of land, containing Two Hundred & two Acres. Surveyed for him the 10th of Nov 1793. Situate in the District of Orangeburgh on Waters of N Edisto. Bounded NW by Thomas Dukes. SE. & NE. by Lewis Ratcliffe. SE by Michael Dukes. SW by Samuel Ratcliff's.”^²³⁰ The plat for this property shows the adjacent properties, including both Lewis and Samuel Ratcliff.^²³¹ (In 1772 William Ayler of Dobbs Co NC was security, with Gershom Wiggins, for the estate of John Ratcliff, administered by Joseph Ratcliff (An Account of Letters of Administration Granted for Dobbs County in the Year 1772).)

On 14 Jan 1797 Isaac Griggs, attorney for Michael Dukes, filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas on behalf of Michael Dukes, alleging failure of John Miller of Charleston to pay for Michael’s indigo in 1796. Michael was awarded £20 for the indigo and £24 12s 9p expenses.^²³²

In 1800 the federal census shows that Michael Dukes is listed with a household that included 1 male between 11 and 16 years old, two males 17 to 26 years old, and a male more than 45 years old. There was also a female more than 45 years old, presumably his wife, and a daughter 16-26 years old. Neighbors in the census included Metz, Ratcliff, Fairey, Henry Felder, John Zorn, Thomas Edwards, Manning, Harley, and Bird.

The Michael Dukes of later federal censuses is the son of Michael Dukes I, as listed ages demonstrate.

Joseph Dukes’ grandson, Thomas Edmund Dukes II, married Ann Ayler, who family tradition says was from the Neuse River area of North Carolina. The Ayler family is discussed in an appendix. The earliest recorded Ayler in Virginia owned land adjacent that of Col. Henry Duke.

Thomas Edmond Dukes served in the Revolutionary War, and is listed, with his brother George, among soldiers of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment stationed at Fort Sullivan and later Fort Moultrie.^²³³

Thomas and Anne lived northeast of Branchville, between Penn Branch and the road to Bowman, and are buried there in the old Dukes cemetery.^²³⁴ This has become known as the old Dukes plantation, but it is unclear when the property came into the family.

According to family oral tradition, Thomas met Ann on a visit to her home area on the Neuse River area in North Carolina. It is sometimes said that he was visiting family there.Several Branchville area families closely associated with the Dukes and Syphrett families, the Risher and Byrd families, are from the Neuse River area in Lenoir County, NC, obtaining their earliest grant in the Orangeburgh SC area in 1785 (Risher). However, the earliest known marriage that would have created a family relationship for Thomas with those families is later than his marriage to Ann.

Ann survived Thomas E. Dukes II, and is recorded in the 1850 U.S. census at the age of 60 with $1500 real estate, 5 household members, and 7 slaves.

Several of the sons of Thomas Edmund Dukes II later lived near Rowesville. In the 1840 census (John) William (Hazelwood) Dukes was listed near Alexander Syphrett, Frederick Felder, and the Carn family. Alexander Syphrett lived on Cattle Creek, near lands owned by Michael Dukes.

The 1849 Class Book for Sardis Church, Orangeburgh District, Methodist Church, includes Gabriel Dukes and Abraham Dukes, along with James B. Berry; John, George, John W., William J. and Jesse Fairey; Benj. McAlhany; Nathaniel, William, and John E. Byrd; Lewis Griffith; James and Henry Metts; John and David W. I. Patrick; John L. Rhode; William B. Brown; George E. Pooser; Capers Griffith; and Isham Shuler. Sardis is immediately north of Branchville.

On 26 Aug 1865 John William Hazelwood Dukes purchased a lot in Orangeburg from John C. Reeves, and at the same time sold to him “1,200 acres on the road from Orangeburg to Branchville about 13 miles from F. Frederick, estates of Dr. William Frederick and L. E. Cooner. And, 1,000 acres between public road and river and 200 acres eat of road, Part (1,600 acres) of land conveyed to me by Donald R. Barton, deed dated October 8, 1863. Wit: Antonio R. Champy and S. Dibble. Release by Mellie E. H. Dukes, wife of J. William H. Dukes.”^²³⁵ The first of these is certainly within the bounds of Abraham Hazelwood’s grants.

John and Frederick Syphrett petitioned for military pay due in 1814, with various Kellers, Felders, etc.²³⁶

In 1818 there was a plat and state grant for 107 acres "in Orangeburgh District on Peter Wood's Branch of N. Edisto River" bounded by Adam Syphrett, Dan'l Syfrett, for Frederick Syphrett. In 1830 Frederick Syphrett was granted land on the south side of Cattle Creek.

There was an 1839 plat for 1,000 acres "on Br waters of Pen Branch of Edisto River" for Frederick Syfett. Bounded by land of Mrs. E. Griffith, Jas Grimes, Reich Edwards, Jas Edwards, F Syfrett, Dukes, Michael Dukes, George Summers, Harry Felder, Christopher Metze, John Metze, John Cannon. Commissioner was Isaac Dantzler, Esq.

In 1850 there was a sale of 790 acres belonging to Frederick Syphrett, originally granted to John Cannon, bounded by Joseph Edwards, Abraham H. Syphrett, Benjamin B. McAlheny, Samuel R. Gressette, and James Grimes, on the north side of the SC Railroad on Felders Bay Waters of the Edisto.

Ann Syphrett who married George Ezekial Dukes is also said to be a daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth Dukes Syphrett, disowned by them for her marriage (see George Ezekial Dukes discussion).

No family Bible or will survives to prove the identity of Michael Dukes’ children. Their identities have been inferred from other data.

The "M" or Michael Dukes of the 1810 census is probably the son of Michael I,; his age and that of his wife and children are consistent with this interpretation. Isaac Dukes is also virtually certain to be his son.

The 1810 census shows Michael as 27-45 years of age with a son less than 10 years old, and a daughter also less than 10 years old. His wife is listed as 17-26 years of age.

Michael (II) served in the War of 1812 in Juhan’s Battalion, South Carolina Militia, along with Isaac and Thomas Dukes.^²³⁷

In 1820 John Syfrett, with Isaac Dukes, Thomas Dukes, and Michael Dukes, petitioned for pay, saying they served in the Militia at or near the town of Beaufort during the last war [War of 1814], and praying for redress of their grievance. This is clearly the younger Michael Dukes (the older would have been in his 60's at the time of the war), with his brother Isaac and his cousin (or an otherwise unknown brother?) Thomas. The absence of a third son of the older Michael Dukes suggests that this individual was either deceased or had moved elsewhere. Alternatively, the other brother might have been the Thomas mentioned here; the Thomas Dukes descended from Thomas E. Dukes might not have participated in the war.

Michael II is doubtless the "M" Dukes of the 1810 United States Census, listed on page 132, Orangeburgh County, as having one son and one daughter aged 10 or less. He is identified as 27-45 years old and his wife is listed as 17-26 years old. His census neighbors included Thomas and Isaac Dukes, John Bird, John Felder, B. Cummins, John Crum, Thomas Harley, John Fairey, L. Patrick, John Thompson, John Syfrett, William Ratliff, and John Sandal. He was living on Pen Branch, where his father had lived in 1790.

There was an 1839 plat for 1,000 acres "on Br waters of Pen(n) Branch of Edisto River" for Frederick Syfrett. Bounded by land of Mrs. E. Griffith, Jas Grimes, Reich Edwards, Jas Edwards, F Syfrett, Dukes, Michael Dukes, George Summers, Harry Felder, Christopher Metze, John Metze, and John Cannon. The commissioner was Isaac Dantzler, Esq. This was again on Pen Branch, in the Branchville area.

The evidence of the land plats and the census indicate that Michael Dukes, II, lived near the north fork of Pen Branch, north of Branchville.

The 1810 census on page 133 shows a Thomas Dukes age 16-26 living with a male 0-10 years old and two females 16-26 years old. This Thomas Dukes is listed immediately adjacent Peter Frederick Jr. and another son of Peter Frederick Sr., and near Peter Frederick Sr. Peter Frederick Sr. lived at his plantation Cedar Lane, near Shiloh Church and NE of the primary cluster of Dukes family members by several miles. This appears to be a previously unidentified Thomas Dukes. This “other” Thomas Dukes is listed as age 16-26 with 2 females of the same age and a young boy10 years old or younger in his household.

It is unlikely that Thomas Dukes I named two of his sons Thomas, so this young man in the 1810 census must belong to Michael Dukes I. He fits the age of the youngest boy listed in the household of Michael I in the 1790 and 1800 census listings. Also, we know that the sons of Peter Frederick Sr. lived on various parcels of land that had been granted to Andrew Frederick. They were inherited by Peter Frederick Sr. Michael Dukes I owned a parcel of land immediately north of a parcel of Andrew Frederick’s land, west of Buck Branch and northeast of the other Dukes properties (Colonial Plats Vol. 15, p. 211, Memorials vol. 12, p. 417). This location was much closer to Cedar Lane than other Dukes land. This parcel belonging to Michael Dukes I also was close to Alexander Syphrett’s 1772 land grant (SC Col. Plats Vol. 21, p. 244). Alexander Syphrett is listed very close to this new Thomas Dukes in the 1810 census. Thomas Dukes fits in every way to be a son of Michael Dukes I.

Further, the son listed in the 1810 census could easily be Joseph Dukes, often erroneously identified as Joseph Hazelwood Dukes, who was born in January of 1810. That Joseph Dukes has long puzzled researchers, because he was said to be a son of Thomas Dukes, but did not fit with the family of Thomas Edmond Dukes. The Bible of that family survives, and Joseph is not listed there. Further, hus birth date conflicts with that of a child who is listed, and he is not represented in census listings for this family.

This may be the Thomas Dukes who participated in the War of 1812 with Michael and Isaac.

Isaac Dukes, listed in the 1810 and 1820 censuses, fits in age with the remaining unidentified son of Michael Dukes I. However, he has sometimes been said to have been a brother of Thomas Edmond Dukes. He was 26-45 years old in 1810, and 26-45 in 1820, so that his birth year can be narrowed to 1774-1784.

His listings are peculiar. In 1810 he was alone. In 1820 he was accompanied by a male 18-25, two males under 10, four females 16-25, one female 10-15, and two females under 10.

Although the census shows Michael Dukes I with two daughters, no information is available about them. However, it is likely that one was named Elizabeth and married William Tucker, producing sons Joseph Dukes Tucker and William Steedly Tucker. The 1790 census shows Joseph Tucker and John Tucker living very close to Michael Dukes in Orangeburg County.

In 1794 John Dukes and his wife Elizabeth sold 200 acres of land in Colleton Co. to Peter Felder. The land was originally granted in 1774 to Joshua Standly [or Stanley] (“Felder Files” from Colleton Co., Barnwell Co SC Deeds pp. 177-178, from Colleen Jolly). The property was described as being on the south side of the Edisto River in Colleton Co. on a branch called “Bruges brak” (????)

The Duke family in Sumter, Clarendon, and Williamsburg counties (all within the old Sumter District) appears superficially to be somewhat disjunct but on closer examination is closely linked by association and kinship with the same individuals and families, although the precise connections between the various branches of this Duke family are not yet fully apparent.

William Dukes was born to Benjamin and Mary Dukes on 27 September 1745 and was christened Oct. 29, 1745, in Prince Frederick Winyaw Parish.^²³⁸

In 1766 a plat for 200 acres in Craven County was registered by Benjamin Duke.^²³⁹ The property was described as being in Prince Frederick Parish on the west side of the Black River adjacent to vacant land.

On the 19^th of September, 1770, a plat was registered by Benjamin Duke for 200 acres in Prince Frederick’s Parish, Craven County, adjacent vacant land. The plat was dated 4 September 1770. ^²⁴⁰

In 1771 a plat for 200 acres in Craven County, adjacent vacant land, was registered by Benjamin Duke. The plat itself was dated 4 January 1771.^²⁴¹ The plat shows only swampland adjacent to the property.

Benjamin Duke was involved in a business transaction with James Commander in 1773:^²⁴²

Benjamin Duke of Craven County, to James Commander of Black River, for £1000, 5 Negroes (named), 9 March 1773. Wit: John Commander, Nichs Punch.

In 1779 Benjamin Duke was an Overseer of Prince Frederick Winyaw Parish.^²⁴³ At the same time, a James Snow was warden.

In 1780 Benjamin Duke was a saddler for Colonel Peter Horry’s cavalry.It is uncertain which Benjamin Duke this was.

William Duke of Williamsburg was in Francis Marion’s brigade in 1780.^²⁴⁴

In 1783 both Benjamin and William Duke(s) were listed as petit jurors for Georgetown.^²⁴⁵

In 1800 a William Dukes Sr. and a William Dukes Jr. are listed in the United States Census for Sumter County. A single William Dukes appears on the 1810 census of Clarendon County, SC.

The various lines of information regarding Joseph Dukes of Sumter District indicate that he was born about 1760-64. He appears in the 1790 census with a two males under the age of 16 (presumably sons) and 2 females (presumably a wife and daughter). The census shows him living in close proximity to the Richardson, Brunson, and Cantey families. An on-line Singleton family website lists the children of Joseph Dukes and Ann McConnico as Ann Dukes (born 2 Mar 1771, died 15 May 1848, married John Hamlin Ragin, son of John Hamlin Ragin I and Sarah Snell), Charles Dukes (born between 1774 and 1790), and William Christopher Dukes.

“William Richardson Apt. 119 Pck. 16. Will of William Richardson of Bloom Hill in the District of Camden; to wife in lieu of her dower, 1000 pounds sterling; to each of my daughters (whether born before the date of this will or after), 1000 pounds sterling; to sons, who may survive to the age of 21, my whole real estate, equally divided the day the youngest reaches the age of 22; and as I always had an aversion to the name of Richardson, I desire and request that my children would change it for Rich, which is a short easy wrote name^²⁴⁷. . . friends Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Pringle, John Smyth, and John Chesnut, Exrs., and all my sons as they attain the age of 21 years . . . 1 Dec 1785...Wm Richardson (Seal). Wit: Eliz. Sley, Joseph Dukes, Rich Chewning. Proved by Rich Chewning and John Smyth 10 Mar 1786 before Issac Alexander.

Warrant of Appraisement to A.T. Brisbane, Wm Boykin, Douglass Starke, and Nath. Alexander, 19 May 1786.

Warrant of Appraisement to Capt. Saml Little, Thos Roche and George Ioore. Sworn appraisers 19 April 1786.

Inventory of plantation called Bloom Hill, 19 Apr 1786 by S. Little, J. Singleton, Geo. Ioor, Thomas Roche.

Inventory of plantation called Rich Land near Camden, 24 May 1786 by Adam H. Brisbane, William Boykin, Douglas Starke, Nath. Alexander."

John McCool, Thomas Brandon, William Henderson, Charles Sims, Richard Hail, William Cobb, Francis Lesesne, Edward Watts, Mary Thompson, William Flud, Frederick Kimball, John Adair, William Palmer, William Hays, Benjamin Shingleton, David Jones, Thos Taylor, John Smyth, Benjamin Warring to Thomas Warring, John Rutledge to Hutson, Continental certificate signed by Thomas Pickering, Isam Moore to John Postell, Joshua Inglish and John Adamsom to Burwell Boykin, William Whitaker Senr, William Whitaker, Jr., Willis Whitaker, John Blanton and Douglass Stark bond, William Bennet, Robert Carter & Robert Roberts bond, Lawrence Manning and Richard Richardson, Thomas Charlton, James Love, Samuel Bennett, Edward Richardson, John Chesnut, Alexander Irvin, Wade Hampton, Robert Lewis, Seth Petty Pool, Darrel Hart (in possession of Thomas Pinckney), James Turner, Edward Watts, Mathew Gale, Malachi Ford to John Neilson, Robert McKelvey, Genl Marion order on Thomas Dunbar, John Newton, Ambrose Gayle, Hubbard Rees to John Rambert, Edward Broughton, John Winn, John R. Davis, Gersham Kelly, Norwd. Hunter & Daniel Hart, M. Murphey, James Habersham, William Colwell, John Chisolm, Wade Hampton order on Col. Lawrence, Frederick Bell and James Purnell, David Platt, Morgan Sabb, John Hunter, John Lewis Gervais, William Morant"”

Witness Richard Chewning may be of the large Middlesex County, VA, Chowning family.^²⁴⁹

The Richardsons were from Virginia.^²⁵⁰ Richard Richardson was born about 1704 in Virginia, and was said to be the son of Charles Richardson and a “Miss Burchell.” On 11 Oct. 1738 he married Mary Cantey in South Carolina. William Richardson was a son of Edward Richardson, and was born 31 July 1743.^²⁵¹ He was a member of the First and Second Provincial Congresses and in 1768 he was a merchant in Charleston, but at some time prior to 1773 he went to live in the High Hills of Santee where he settled Bloom Hill plantation on the Wateree River.

John Giessendanner, minister to the Orangeburgh and St. Matthew’s parishes, sometimes also served in St. Mark’s Parish, Craven County, and in that capacity was involved with this same Richardson family. On Saturday January 7, 1758 Giessendanner recorded the baptism of 32 children at the home of Col. Richard Richardson in St. Mark’s.^²⁵² On Tuesday, October 3 of the same year, Gissendanner baptised Ezekiah Cantey Richardson, son of Col. Richard Richardson, at his home in St. Mark’s Parish, with Josiah Cantey, Miss N. Richardson, and Richard Richardson Jun. present.^²⁵³

Capt. Edward Richardson of Orangeburgh District was a son of Col. Richard Richardson.^²⁵⁴ Capt. Richardson’s son, also Capt. Edward Richardson, commanded a unit of the militia headquartered at Fort Marion, the Orangeburg District Fifth Brigade 22nd Regiment. Of the 41 privates of the unit signing a petition for reimbursement of pay for service, along with Capt. Richardson, were Thomas Dukes, Michael Dukes, and Isaac Dukes -- all grandsons of Joseph Dukes of Orangeburgh County.^²⁵⁵ An interesting real estate transaction by the older Edward Richardson is a lease and release transaction with George Snow,^²⁵⁶ a nephew of the John Snow whose will Thomas Goodman Duke witnessed.

John Chesnut was apppinted paymaster of Col. William Thomason’s Third Regiment on 21 June 1775.^²⁵⁷ Robert Goodwin of Orangeburgh District, Moses Kirkland, Edward Richardson of Orangeburgh District, Lewis Dutarque, and Francis Boykin were captains in this regiment. Chesnut served as a Justice of the Quorum for Orangeburgh District in 1775, along with Thomas Green, Moses Kirkland, Benjamin Farrar, John Savage, Joseph Kirkland, and William Brown, all of whom appear in other contexts in relationship to the Duke family.^²⁵⁸ In 1776 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Orangeburgh District, along with some of the same individuals.^²⁵⁹ He later moved to Camden.

The reference to John Adair among those owned money by Richardson’s estate is of interest. Samuel Adair was the second husband of Margaret Blackwell Duke, widow of the unnamed Duke who was father of Thomas Duke, founder of the Williamsburg County Duke family. Benjamin Singleton is probably connected with the Richard Singleton who was a buyer in the Cantey estate sale of 1787, for which William Dukes is listed as providing security, and with Singletons who appear in Mary Maple’s will along with members of the Dukes family.

In 1775 Captain Matthew Singleton formed a company of Light-Horse under the command of Col. Richard Richardson. The troop included in its ranks John Singleton, Charles Goodwin, and William Brunson.^²⁶⁰ The connection between Richard and William Richardson is unknown at present, but a real estate transaction in 1779 establishes that one existed.^²⁶¹ Ann, daughter of Robert Singleton of Virginia, married John Dargan and was mother of Elizabeth Dargan Coulliette McConnico, wife of William McConnico who picked up Joseph Dukes’ Revolutionary War payment and was Joseph Dukes’ brother-in-law.

Joseph Dukes served 122 days in the South Carolina militia during 1782. His stub indent is dated 14 May 1790, and is accompanied by a note requesting that his pay be delivered to William McConnico.^²⁶² It is the Joseph Dukes of Clarendon County who is referred to here, not Joseph Dukes of Orangeburgh County. McConnico was a son of Jared McConnico, from Reedy Creek, Lunenburg County, VA. William McConnico’s sister, Mary or Polly, was the wife of this Joseph Dukes.

Joseph Dukes appears on the1790 census of Clarendon County, as a male over the age of 16, accompanied by two males (presumably sons) under that age, and two females.

A Joseph Dukes served in the 2nd Regiment (McWillie’s) South Carolina Militia during the War of 1812. It doesn’t seem likely, although it is possible, that this was the same Joseph Dukes who served during the Revolutionary War.

Ann Dukes (2 Mar 1791 - 15 May 1848) married John Hamlin Ragin (1788 - 31 May 1846), son of John H. Ragin and Sarah Felder. She was probably a daughter of Joseph Dukes and Mary McConnico Dukes of Clarendon County. The Ragin (Raegon) family reappears later when when John Henry Ragin marries Mary Elizabeth Dukes, daughter of William Christopher Dukes.

An Orangeburg Felder connection (and through Henry Felder, connection to Joseph Dukes of Orangeburgh) is apparent in this Camden District will:^²⁶³

John Raegon applied for admn. 21 Dec 1782. Citation read in congregation at halfway swamp meeting, 29 Dec 1782, Gabriel Gerrald. Bond: John Raegan, Adam Snell Senr., Adam Snell Junr., 18 Jan. 1783, Wit: Peter Cassity

Inventory of John Felder of St. Mark’s, Craven Co . . . appraised by William Cantey, Edward Broughton & Joseph Terry.

This John Felder was the son of Capt. John Henry Felder of Orangeburgh District. He married Sarah Snell, born 16 July 1758, daughter of Johannes Adam Schnell/Snell. Their children were (Major) John Pelham Felder, killed in the War of 1812, and William Felder. After John Felder's death, his widow Sarah married John Ragin. It was as the husband of Sarah Snell Felder Ragin that John Ragin applied to be administrator of the estate of John Felder.

Capt. Henry Felder Sr., father of John Felder of Sumter District, owned the property adjacent to that of Joseph Dukes. Also, he was witness and sponsor for the baptism of Rebecca, Joseph’s youngest daughter.

William Christopher Dukes was a friend of poet William Gilmore Simms,^²⁶⁴ who described him as “a fine gentleman, of fine ability, a young man of excellent Charleston family.” William C. Dukes was a poet, but abandoned poetry for being a factor.^²⁶⁵. Simms lived in Charleston but his Summerton property was the Spring Hill Plantation on Jack’s Creek, Santee River, Clarendon County, Sumter District. Jack’s Creek was also the location of the estate of William Cantey, for whose estate William Dukes provided bond in 1787; that William Dukes (William Dukes, Jr.) was probably an ancestor of William Christopher Dukes. William C. Dukes had several Charleston residences:^²⁶⁶

Monday October 29 1832 I removed from the corner of Anson and Society Streets back to my old residence, King Street road, on Charleston Neck.

William C. Dukes was a very active merchant in Charleston and Sumter, and references to his company consequently are found in records of other families. The papers of Thomas Boone Fraser, attorney, include letters from Wm. C. Dukes and Sons.^²⁶⁷ (Thomas Boone Fraser was probably from St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish -- a Fraser of that parish, named for Thomas Boone of that parish. One of Thomas Goodman Duke’s daughters married a Fraser of St. Thomas and St. Denis.) Richard Singleton’s papers also reflect very high volume cotton brokering involving first Duke Goodman, then Duke and V. V. Duncan, and subsequently Wm C. Dukes and Sons.^²⁶⁸

Fortunately, four volumes of personal journals by William C. Dukes are preserved at the South Caroliniana Library, along with two journals of his daughter, Mary Elizabeth Dukes Ragin.^²⁶⁹ The original records were in the possession of Mrs. W. H. Emmic Tindal of Summerton, SC. William C. Dukes did not identify his father in these documents, but he did provide an obituary for his mother, Mary Byrd Dukes:

Departed this life in Clarendon (Sumter District S.C.) on Wednesday 20th July 1825; Mary Byrd (my mother) aged about 65 years -- A native of Virginia -- Halifax County.

For upwards of 40 years past, she was a humble professor of the Gospel of our Blessed Redeemer, of the Baptist Pursuation.

Thus William C. Duke’s mother was born about 1760 in Halifax County, Virginia. Halifax County was created in 1752 from Lunenburg County, which was in turn created from Brunswick County, VA. She was the Mary (Polly) McConnico, born about 1760 in Lunenburg County, who according to the LDS Ancestral File married Joseph Duke. She might have remarried to a Byrd. In any case, the Mary Byrd identified by William C. Dukes as his mother and the Mary McConnico who married Joseph Dukes are clearly the same person, and Joseph Dukes is therefore a son of Joseph Dukes of the Summerton area. This also easily explains Joseph Dukes having William McConnico, his brother-in-law, pick up his militia pay for him.

William C. Dukes recorded his own birth date as 14 Mar 1794. He married Elizabeth Long. Romantic poetry directed to her is a prominent feature of his journals. He was very interested in the genealogy of the Long family. Their children have been identified as Joseph Henry, Kezia Jane, Margaret Jane, Mary Elizabeth, Ann McClary, and Susan Robinson.^²⁷⁰ However, William C. Dukes’ will identifies sons John R. and Thomas C. H. Dukes, and he also had a son, William C. (see below).

Joseph H. Dukes was a poet and lawyer in Charleston in the 1800’s.^²⁷¹ In 1844 firemen in Charleston “had an oration” from Joseph H. Dukes.^²⁷²

James Marsh Carson, Capt. in the Civil War, married Margaret Dukes and had three children: James Marsh, Jr., Margaret, and Susan Dukes Carson. After Margaret's death, James married her sister, Kezia Jane Dukes and they had four children: Louise, William Dukes, Ashmead Courtnay, and Grace Elliott. They all lived in Sumter, S.C.^²⁷³

In 1824 William recorded the death of his own son in the following epitaph:^²⁷⁴

“Suffer little children to come unto me, For of such is the kingdom of Heaven.”

In 1823 he recorded the obituary of Margaret A. Fluitt, who died in Williamsburg District.^²⁷⁵

On at least three separate occasions William recorded the death of his sister-in-law Ann [Long] McClary who died 30 Oct 1820 aged 23 years 5 months and 2 days, in Clarendon County.^²⁷⁶ He identified her as consort of Mr. Saml McClary, Charleston merchant.^²⁷⁷ The McClary family is closely associated with the Thomas Duke family of Williamsburg, suggesting a very close relationship between near-contemporaries William Christopher Duke and Thomas Duke. However, they cannot be brothers, both having recorded different mothers (Mary Byrd Duke and Margaret Blackwell Duke, respectively), each of whom survived her spouse.

Married On Tuesday evening 18th May 1825 at Black River, Sumter District, S..C., by the Rev. John Couser, Mr. Sam’l McClary merchant of Charleston to wife Leonora McFaddin, second daughter of Capt. Robert McFaddin of the former place.

On 4 June 1825 William Duke recorded an item relating to the McClary family, one with Orangeburgh County associations:^²⁷⁹

The following is a correct copy from a note dropped by accident in the store of Saml. McClary Esq. by Donald Rowe of Orangeburgh, S.C.

Mr. Rowe I will let you no that the child is better a little I think but it has such a wecke stumeck that every thing that i give it throws up i think the ether children is beter and I will let you no that the colt dide night aforelast yours Drurey A. gaffney.

Donald Rowe is presumably a descendant of Christopher Rowe, Orangeburgh District Indian trader.

The Schirmer Diary, Mar 19 1829, recorded the marriage of Thomas Hammet and Mary E. Duke, wit., dr. Barrie. Mary Elizabeth was William C. Dukes’ sister.

Married on Thursday evening last (Oct 15th 1824) by the Rev. Dr. Henry Mr. Charles O’Neale to Miss Elizabeth Ann James Hammet (only daughter of the late Rev. William Hammet) all of this city (City Gazette Oct 18th 1824).

Benjamin Hammet Born 22nd February 1795 Died 1st December 1826. At 31 years 9 mo. 8 days.

Felix Long, brother of Elizabeth Long Duke, married at least three times. William recorded the following in 1827:^²⁸²

Married on Thursday evening 11th October 1832 at Winnsboro by the Rev. Wm Brearly, Felix Long of Cheraw to Mary Ann McCreight, daughter of Col. Wm. McCreight -- [3rd wife for Felix].

Mary Elizabeth Dukes was William’s daughter. On July 19th 1835 he recorded her as among those united with the Second Presbyterian Church, Charleston, Rev. Thomas Smith pastor.^²⁸⁵ On the 20^th of December, 1836, Mary Elizabeth Dukes of Charleston married John H. Ragan of Sumter at the Second Presbyterian Church, Charleston.^²⁸⁶ It should be remembered that an earlier John Ragan or Reagan was the second husband of Sarah Snell Felder, widow of John Felder. John Henry Ragin was a cousin of Mary Elizabeth’s who was son of Hampden Ragin and Anne Dukes, sister of William Christopher Dukes. They had nine children.^²⁸⁷

Mary Elizabeth recorded the marriage of her daughter and Dr. D. J. Cain:^²⁸⁸

Saturday evening Feby 11th 1865. Rev. Dr. Smyth baptized my Granddaughter at my cottage place -- child of my daughter Louisa and Dr. D. J. Cain, Baptismal name, Kezia Dukes.

An earlier Duke-Cain connection has been recorded. Daniel Cain (son of Dr. Daniel Cain) of St. John’s Berkeley Parish was married 1814 to Eliza Mary Malcomson. They had two sons - Gustavus and Daniel James Cain. Daniel James married Susan R. Duke.^²⁸⁹ This is Susan Robinson Dukes, daughter of William Christopher Dukes. According to papers in that branch of the Dukes family, Susan Robinson married D. J. Cain and had son, Berkely Cain. His dauther, Kezia Dukes Cain, married James Oehler. (The name Daniel Cain also occurs earlier in Middlesex County, VA.^²⁹⁰) The Cain family is also very common in Edgecombe Co NC, adjacent Bute and Dobbs counties.

Died on Wednesday September 10th 1828 at half past one o’clock P.M. James Henry Brooke Malcomson M.C., in the 33rd year of his age.

On April 29, 1827, William delivered an address for the Washington Light Infantry in Charleston, noting that he had joined them in the spring of 1811 or 1812, and that William Crafts and Sedgewock Lewis Simons were then 1st Lieutenant and Ensign.^²⁹²

In 1840 the land on which the James House in Summerton was built belonged to William Christopher Dukes, “an extensive property owner of that time.”^²⁹³

Richard Duke reported in an e-mail of September 26, 1997, that William Christopher Dukes, of Charleston, left land in Clarendon Co. (Summerton) to his children in his will dated Oct. 6, 1866. The sons of William Christopher Dukes, John R. Dukes and Thomas C. H. Dukes, along with son-in-law James M. Carson, were executors of his estate.^²⁹⁴ On 18 Jan 1861 he deeded to his daughters Abbe M. Dukes, Eliza C. Dukes and Kezie J. Dukes jointly 525A in Clarendon County, bounded on the north by R.K. Rutledge, east by John Cobia, and east by J.H. Tindal, south by sundry lots in Summerton, and J. J. Ragin, west by W. H. Bochette, Sr.^²⁹⁵ This was witnessed by J. J. Ragin and Maria B. Ragin.^²⁹⁶

In 1831 Thomas Charlton Henry Dukes, son of William Christopher, was listed in the Charleston Census and Taxation records.^²⁹⁷

Elizabeth Ragin, daughter of William Ragin, married Edward Broughton, while her sister Sarah married William Sanders. Andrew Broughton Sr and Jr. were witnesses for a sale of land in Lancaster County by Robert Harrison, mariner, who was connected with John and Benjamin Duke there. A Broughton family was present in St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish: Thomas Broughton was an official of the parish in 1723.^²⁹⁸

Will of William Ragan of St. Mark’s Parish, Craven County . . . to wife Lucey Ragan, use of my Dwelling House; till my daughter Lucey shall get marryed, all estate sold (except a Negro Sharper); to daughter Elizabeth, wife of Edward Broughton, one guinea; to daughter Jemimey, wife of William Griffen, one guinea, to daughter Sarah, wife of William Sanders, 1/3 part of estate after it is sold and legacies paid; to daughter Frances, wife of Richard Harvin, one guinea; to son William Ragan, negro Sharper and £100 and to the children of my daughter Frances Harvin,; to grandsons William Sanders, son of Sarah Sanders, John Broughton son of my daughter Elizabeth Broughton; to granddaughter Mary Ragan, daughter of Lucey Ragan, £40 st. friends John James, Samuel Little and William Sanders, exrs., 15 Jan 1785. . . Wit. Josiah Furman, Thomas Casity, Sarah Furman, 16 Mar 1787 to prove will. Proved by John James in Clarendon County, before Thomas Roche JP 24 Apr 1787.

Inventory 28 Apr 1787 by Wm McConnico, Wm Little and Thos Maples, including Negroes (named).”

Familiar names in this will include William McConnico, John and Elizabeth (Ragin) Broughton, and William Sanders (whose will Thomas Duke witnessed in 1783). Thomas Maples is obviously connected with Martha Maples, whose will links many of the families in this area.

In the 1820 federal census, the only Dukes listed in Charleston was William, probably William Christopher. By 1840, we find William C. (William Christopher), Henry W., and Francis Dukes. In 1850, the census included Lavina, William C., Anna M., and Joseph H. Dukes.

In the 1748 list of titheables by Hugh Lawson for Brunswick Co VA, that part that became Lunenburg Co VA, there are many members of the Stokes family, including David Stokes and Sylvanus Stokes. Richard, William, Thomas and John Stone are listed. Benjamin, Robert, and Jeremiah Hatcher (later the Hatcher family of Orangeburgh SC) are there. Jarrad McConnico is listed, as are members of the Christopher family that intermarried with the McConnicos and led to the name of William Christopher Dukes of Sumter District SC. The Burchetts (Duke family relatives through the Lundy-Birchett-Turner-Green connections) are there. William Snelgrove, half-brother of Freeman Snellgrove (whose wedding Joseph Dukes of Orangeburgh witnessed) was there.

Usabeus and other members of the Stone family are given in the list of titheables for 1764 for Cumberland Parish, Lunenburg County, VA, made by Henry Blagrave, gent., as having 4 titheables and 380 acres of land. William Maples is listed also, with 200 acres of land. Jared McConnico appears with 5 titheables and 163 acres of land. John and Joshua Hazelwood are there, with 2 titheables and 220 acres of land. Henry Stokes who went on to found the Branchville SC Stokes family is there with 480 acres, along with many other members of the Stokes family. Jared McConnico, father of William McConnico of Sumter District SC, is there with David More and John Sanders (note that Mrs. Maples was born a Sanders), a total of 5 titheables and 163 acres of land. It is obvious that the whole Sumter District assemblage was the consequence of a migration from Cumberland Parish, Lunenburg County, VA.

The 1800 federal census lists both William Duke Sr. and William Duke Jr. in the Summerton area of Clarendon County. The older William Duke might have been a captain with Francis Marion in the Revolution:

William McConnico administered the estate of William Cantey, and William Dukes provided security. William Duke also provided security for the estate of Joshua Stone:^³⁰⁰

"P. 11. William Cantey Apt. 13 Pck 434. Martha Cantey widow & Josiah Cantey of Santee applied for admn. 9 Jan 1787. Citation published on the last Sabbath, Richard Furman, V.D.M., 15 Jan 1787. Dedimus to William McConnico to qualify admr., 30 Jan 1787. Bond: Martha Cantey, Josiah Cantey, admrs., & William Dukes, sec., all of Santee River, 2 February 1787. Wit: Elizabeth Coulliette, Alice Cook. Inventory 7 Feb 1787, of William Cantey, Sr., by Patrick Brock, Levy Moore & Jacob Kingswood. Sale 1 March 1787. Buyers: William Cantey, Elizabeth Cantey, Mrs. Martha Cantey, William Richbourgh, James Cantey, Josiah Cantey, Arthur Clemonds, Brinkley Corbet, Richard Singleton, Richard G. Dennis, William Bradley."

"P. 56. Joshua Stone Apt 65 Pck. 2319. Mary Stone applied for admn. 24 Feb 1784. Citation read at Bethel by Solomon Thomason, min. 29 Feb 1784. Bond: Mary Stone, William Dukes, 15 Mar 1784. Warrant of appraisement 15 May 1784 to John James, William McConnico, William Cantey, Edward Broton^³⁰¹ and Thomas William Jenkings. Inventory 3 June 1784 by Wm McConnico, Wm Cantey, Thos Wm Jenkins for 520 pounds 12 pence.”

Elizabeth Dargan, daughter of John Dargan and Ann Singleton of Virginia, married first Christopher Coulliette and then William McConnico of Sumter District SC (a son of Jared McConnico of Lunenburg County, Virginia). Later, the daughter of Elizabeth and Christopher, Elizabeth Couliette, was an heir of her stepfather William McConnico. This William McConnico signed for Joseph Dukes’ Revolutionary War payment. The younger Elizabeth Coulliette was the second wife of Abraham Felder Sr. of Orangeburgh District He was the son of Capt. John Henry Felder of Orangeburgh District, who owned land adjacent to that of Joseph Dukes of Orangeburgh District. Abraham Felder’s brother John moved to Sumter District where his widow, Sarah Snell Felder, remarried to John Reagon or Ragin.

William Cantey was the eldest son of Josiah Cantey and Elizabeth Boswood, and was born in St. Andrew’s Parish in 1732. He owned large amounts of land on Jacks Creek (Summerton area, near William C. Dukes) which were sold in 1793 following his death. He was Captain in the Revolution under Gen. Williamson, as appears in a Court Martial proceeding, of date June 28, 1779.^³⁰² He had Orangeburgh District connections. Peter Brunson was baptised in Orangeburgh Church on February 17, 1754, with Josiah and Margaret Evans and William Cantey witnesses.^³⁰³ On March 24, 1760, Rev. Giessendanner baptised Josiah, son of William and Rebeccah Cantey, of St. Mark’s Parish; born Jan 20 1760. Sureties were William Sims and James and Elizabeth Brunson.^³⁰⁴

This William Duke may be the individual who served as Captain from 25 Nov 1780 to 4 June 1781 in General Marion’s Brigade. His pay was picked up for him by Johann Moore.^³⁰⁵

William Dukes also appears in the 1793 will of Mary (Sanders) Maples of St. Mark’s Parish, Clarendon County, SC.^³⁰⁶ She names grandchildren Mary, Charles, and Naomi Dukes, and specifies that they are to be cared for by her daughter Lovey Maples. Other grandchildren listed were Richard, Mary, Hiram, and Jehu Singleton; Susannah Stone; Martha and Naomi Cantey; and Dorothy Maples. She also notes that £20 sterling was due her from William Dukes, and that she had heard he intended an illegal claim against her will. Thomas Nighting Johnson and James Burchil Richardson were executors of this will. William Tims and William Terry were witnesses.

An on-line Singleton family website lists the wife of William Dukes as Lovey Maples, their children as Mary, Charles and Naomi.

A minor William Dukes is found in the will of John Kelty, resident of a plantation on Alligator Hole Branch, described as his grandson.^³⁰⁷ The will was dated 18 Sep 1818, proven 16 Apr 1819.

Charles Dukes who was a son of William Dukes and a grandson of Mary Maples appears in Clarendon County records. On August 3, 1820, Charles and Parthined E. Dukes sold to George J. McCauley 500 acres in Clarendon County on Home Branch and Ox Swamp, waters of the Black River, bounded on the north by William Dukes Jr. and Robert Dukes, west by Jane Dukes (later Jane China), south by Charles Lesesne, east by Captain John G. Davis. Witnesses were William Shorter, Mary Gamble, with Adam Benbow, J. Q.^³⁰⁸ Charles’ property was in the Manning, SC, area. The 1820 census shows Charles and Robert Dukes living very close to one another; Robert is probably another son of William Dukes.

The various events of his life and census records suggest that George Dukes of Sumter District was born between 1775 and 1785. He lived in the Summerton area, was closely associated with the Joseph Dukes family, and was probably a son of Joseph Dukes.

George Dukes signed the 1801 pension application of an individual who was in his militia unit, testifying to his good character. The application said that Joseph Francis had served in a company commanded by Capt. James Winters under Gen. Francis Marion; the character reference by neighbors on White Oak Branch of the Black River, Sumter District, said that he was of good character:^³⁰⁹

As Joseph Francess is about the Remove him Self in to Some other parte or Country and we Sertify that we nevr new Eney Thing that is Cauld Disonesty by the said Francess and has all wase has Soported a good peseuble and a onest Corrector in this plase where he has Resided many years. - October the 1 Day 1801 - Joseph West, Capt. Jesse Nettles Junr, Ensign, Hugh Norton, Thomas Broadway, Jesse Timmons, John China, Benjamin Hodge, John Kelley, James Simmons, Noah Nichols, Peter C. Brunson, Richard Taylor, Thomas Mcelveen, James Weeks, George Dukes, Wm Brodway, Willi Weeks, Thomas Osteen, Jacob Osteen.

It is an interesting aspect of the above list of individuals that Richard Taylor was among those signing the petition. A Richard Taylor was guardian for the minor children of Robert Duke of Camden District. The Brunsons were from Orangeburgh. Peter, son of William and Sarah Brunson, was baptised in Orangeburgh Church on February 17, 1754, with Josiah and Margaret Evans and William Cantey witnesses.^³¹⁰ James and Zechariah Cantey were involved in the estate of Ephraim Harrison, relative of the Harrisons associated with the Duke family of Lancaster County, SC.:^³¹¹

Frederick Bell applied for admn. as greatest Creditor, 13 Dec. 1783. Citation read in the Congregation at Camden, Sun., 15 Feb. 1784, by John Logue.

Warrant of Appraisement to James Galbreath, Samuel Mathews, George Brown, James Cantey & Z. Canty & Robert Reed. Sworn: Samuel Mathis, Zeck. Cantey, & Robert Reed, 15 May 1784 before J. Galbraith, JP. “

The Cantey family reappears below in connection with the William C. Dukes family of the Summerton area.

George Dukes served in the 5th Regiment (Keith’s) South Carolina Militia during the War of 1812. A Keighton Dukes was also listed under Major John Keith. (Muster Roll 1, Captain Samuel Bigham's Company. Commanded by Major John Keith from 2 July 1812 to 1 September.)

George Dukes appears in the 1820 federal census for Sumter County, SC, with a household of one male under the age of 10 and another 26-45 years old, presumably himself. James T. Duke was his son, who was appointed administrator of his estate 25 Jan. 1841 (no other heirs survived).^³¹² Bondsmen were Matthew James and William M. James. Appraisers were Alexander B. and Theodore W. Brailsford, Alexander Campbell, and D. St. P. DuBose.

James T. Dukes married Emeline L., and had a son, G. H. Dukes. Executors for his will were John D. McKnight, Alexander C. McKnight. Witnesses were Moses M. Benbow, John G. Felder, and John M. Owen. His will was dated 4 Feb 1844 and was probated 8 Apr 1844.^³¹³ Note the reappearance of the Felder family.

Elizabeth Dukes was possibly a daughter of Joseph Dukes of the Summerton area. Charles Connors b. 1759 in St. Stephens Parish, married first (1794) to Ann (“Nancy”) McConnico, daughter of William McConnico, who died 1798 (2 children by 1st wife), and his second wife was Elizabeth Dukes (7 children by 2nd wife). He represented Clarendon District (1818 - 1819) in the South Carolina House of Representatives. He lived, died and was buried in Sumter County. Elizabeth and he had seven children: Esther Sophia Connors (1805-1858); Matthew Henry Connors (1819-1882); Julius August Connors; Jared Banks Connors; Thomas Harvey Connors (1810-1889?); and George Washington Connors. This Elizabeth Dukes must have been of the Joseph Dukes family of Sumter District, given their close association with McConnico and the appearance in their children’s names of “Jared” and “Harvey,” both attributable to McConnico descent.

In January 1827 Elizabeth and Robert Henry sued Abraham Felder in Orangeburgh Equity Court for possession of Dinah, a slave left to Elizabeth Couliette Felder, with a provision that if ECF had no issue then the slave would revert to Nancy McConnico Connors or her issue. The court (William Thompson) found that this would constitute an entail and rejected the claim. ^³¹⁴ Elizabeth Couliette was in 1787 a witness to the will of William Cantey of Sumter District, for which William McConnico was administrator.

On 3 June 1847 the marriage of Ths. O. Dukes and Mary Ann V. Elmore by Dr. Bachman was recorded in the Schirmer Diary.^³¹⁵

A notice appeared in the 26 Sep 1816 issue of The Times of Charleston:^³¹⁶ “Died, on Tuesday last, Eliza Spierin Duke, an infant of John Grand __ H. Duke.” x

The family begun by Thomas Duke, son of an unknown Duke and Sarah Blackwell, follows Benjamin Duke and his son William, in the Williamsburg County area. It is possible that Thomas Duke of Williamsburg is descended from this Benjamin Duke family. However, it is more likely that the unknown Duke was Thomas Duke, son of Thomas Goodman Duke and Susanna Duke of St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish, Berkeley Co., SC.

However, the author of The Shepherd-Duke-Van Metre Families, without giving any sources, states that:

THOMAS DUKE (son of David Duke, of Ireland), b. 1780, at Williamsburg, S. C.; d. 1858, at Kingston, S. C.; m. 1805, Sarah McClary.

This appears to be simple speculation and confusion. No evidence to this effect is known, and a great deal of circumstantial evidence points to the Hobcaw Point family as the origin of this Duke family.

Thomas Duke of Sumter/Clarendon County was involved in a estate in Camden District:^³¹⁷

Ester Saunders and Joseph Tims applied for admn, 3 May 1783; Citation published 11 and 13 May 1783 by Thomas Duke.

Bond: Easter (x) Sanders, Joseph Timms, admx & admr, Eleazar Gore and John Ashford Gore, sec., 15 May 1783.

This William Sanders was lieutenant of the Berkeley County militia unit in which Benjamin Duke served in 1759-60, associating him with the Thomas Goodman Duke family.

According to information provided by Richard Duke of New Zion, Williamsburg County, South Carolina, the family history of Thomas Duke descendants includes the following:

An unknown Duke married Margaret Blackwell (1769-1799), daughter of Samuel Blackwell and Elizabeth Dozier. Samuel Blackwell was the son of Samuel Blackwell who served under Francis Marion in the Revolutionary War. Margaret Blackwell was married first to this unknown Duke, then to Samuel Adair, and finally to John McClary. The son of the unknown Duke and Margaret Blackwell, Thomas, in turn, married John McClary’s daughter, Mary Hamilton McClary. Samuel Blackwell’s son, Samuel Blackwell, had another daughter, Martha, who married Eli Hugh Lide, son of Hugh Lide, and grandson of Robert Lide. He was therefore a great-grandson of John Lide and Sara Duke Lide, discussed previously. Another daughter, Hannah, married General Joseph Nettles.^³¹⁸ This brings to mind the Nettles association of George Duke of Sumter County, SC; Jesse Nettles was ensign of his militia unit.

The Blackwells were from Haddrell’s Point, now called Mt. Pleasant, very close to Hobcaw Point in Christ Church Parish, Charleston County.^³¹⁹ Margaret Blackwell Duke had a brother named Boutwell Blackwell.^³²⁰ In 1784 Joseph Boutwell witnessed a Prince Frederick’s Parish wedding with Benjamin Duke, son of Thomas Goodman Duke of the Hobcaw Point area. Also, the Blackwell family was associated with the Boutwells through the Commander family.

A militia record links the Blackwell and Duke families in Darlington County:^³²¹

The muster rolls and court martial records of the Black Creek Militia Company, Darlington County, South Carolina are in the William Law Papers in the Perkins Library, Duke University. William Law (1792-1868) was a planter, merchant, and militia leader of Darlington, South Carolina. While these records date from 1813, it appears that William Law was not Captain of the Black Creek Company until 1816. . . .

Thomas Duke, born 10 Nov 1786, died 30 Nov 1855, buried McClary cemetery near Kingstree, married first Mary Hamilton McClary, born 26 July 1784, died 28 Mar 1840. Their children were David McClary Duke, b. ca. 1819, d. Mar 1873, and Sarah Thermutis Duke, born 1822, died 26 Nov 1866. Thomas Duke married second Susan Thorp, born about 1824, died 1849. They had sons Thomas Flavier Duke and Benjamin F. Duke. Their daughters were Orrianna B. Duke, born 1842, married Samuel Blackwell McClary; Rosina Duke, born 1843; Susanna L. Duke, born 1847, married Henry McLaulin Burrows, born 1854; and Josena Mildra Duke, born 1849.

On 8 May 1855 Thomas [Flavier?] and Elizabeth W. Duke sold to James M. Bell and John O. Hagan 100 acres, bounded on the north by the Black River, on the east by land formerly belonging to James Godwyn and all other sides by Samuel Fluitt. This was witnessed by Edward J. Poston and Thomas B. Fleming.^³²²

David McClary Duke named his children Susannah, William D., Robert E., Thomas, Mary Helen, and Elizabeth A. Duke.

Robert Duke was born in August 1851 and married Mary M. and lived in Lake Township, Williamsburg County, SC. The 1900 federal census shows that his children were Elizabeth Duke (born Nov 1876), William E. Duke (born September 1878), Ruby T. Duke (born April 1887), Harley P. Duke (born September 1889), and Leila P. Duke (born Aug 1890).

Thomas Flavier Duke was born 25 Feb 1841. He married Jane Snowden Fleming and they had Thomas Edward Duke (born Jan. 20, 1859), David Brown Duke (born June 11, 1861), Mary Orianna Ina Duke (born Oct 1, 1864), William Fowler Duke (born 28 Sep 1867), and Martha Anne Duke (20 May 1870).^³²³

William Fowler Duke brings to mind the Fowlers connected to the Duke family through Joan Dukes, whose will was probated in 1771 and was discussed previously. However, there was also a William Fowler who was a witness to the 1689 purchase of land in Isle of Wight County, VA, by John Duke, Jr., neighbor of Thomas Goodwin and father of James, John and Robert Duke.^³²⁴

J. Duke is listed in the 1810 federal census for Georgetown District. This is possibly John Clives Duke, discussed elsewhere in this summary and possible son of William and Joan Duke of Christ Church Parish, SC. On the other hand, Benjamin and William Dukes were petit jurors in Georgetown; this could be a son of William’s.

Benjamin Duke, carpenter, married to Rachel Higgins, widow of deceased Thomas Higgins of Charleston, on September 5, 1784.^³²⁵ A more detailed account: Mr. Benjamin Duke of St. Phillips Parish, House-Carpenter, & Rachael Duke, his wife, admr. & admx. of Thomas Higgins, late of said Parish, House-Carpenter. Sureties: John Hughes & John Bonnicot of Charleston, House-Carpenters. October 8, 1784.^³²⁶

Mrs. Rachael Duke appointed administratix of Benjamin Duke's Estate. August 17, 1790.^³²⁷ Note: From 1785-1791, Richland County included a part of Kershaw County west of the Wateree. This was probably the same individual. It is also quite likely the same individual who owned land in Lancaster County, SC, and who was associated with John Duke and with William and Robert Harrison there. The Benjamin Duke of Lancaster County was married to Mary in the 1750’s.

Rachael Duke apparently remarried quickly. Joe Lineberger has found a reference to a remarriage: Implied South Carolina Marriages Vol. V 1749-1854, p. 229: "Rachael Duke and George Bond, Vol. I, pages 559-560, 1790 (marriage settlement 17 December 1790) (widow) (both of Columbia, Camden District)."

According to Orangeburg County SC Dukes family tradition, Thomas Duke went to the Neuse River area to visit relatives and met his wife Ann Ayler. The only Ayler family on the Neuse at the right time period was in Dobbs Co. NC., and they were close neighbors of a Duke family.

William Ayler sold land in Dobbs Co NC to Obediah Smith as early as 1757/58 (Old Dobbs Co VA Deed Book 5 - April 1757 – April 1758 p. 190). Not much later William Ayler sold land to Thomas Thompson in Dobbs Co. (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 6, Apr 1758-1765, p. 563) and during the same period Thomas Williamson sold land to William Ayler (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 6, Apr 1758-1765, p. 260). William Ayler or Aylor purchased several parcels of land from William Barwick in 1771-3 (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 9, Apr 1771-Apr 1773, pp. 272, 275, 294). An additional deed represents a land sale from William Ayler to Shadrick Hartsfield (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 13, Apr 1784 to Apr 1789, p. 16) and from John Hartsfield to William Aylor (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 13, Apr 1784 to Apr 1789, p. 308). William Ayler sold land to Benjamin Lewis (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 18, 1798-1799, p. 95).

William Ayler was a taxpayer in Dobbs County (now Lenoir County), North Carolina, in 1769. ^³²⁸ The family of this William Ayler is the only one found after years of searching that could be that of Ann Ayler Dukes. The family oral tradition tells us that he lived near relatives of the Dukes family, objects of Thomas Dukes’ visit. There are many candidates for relatives of Thomas Edmund Dukes in the Dobbs County area.

On 26 Jul 1777 William Aylor was drafted as a member of the Dobbs County NC militia, Capt. Kennedy’s company. Members listed adjacent his name are Fra. Freeman and Tho. Byrd. William Aldridge, Reuben Freeman, John Fontaine, and Benjamin Risher are also listed (the Birds and Rishers, and possibly the Aldridges, were later in Orangeburg County). In 1780 those drafted incuded Elisha Freeman, Thos. Bird, Israel Joyner, and Joseph House. (A Joseph House is listed along with John Bird, Joseph Dudley, Christopher Dudley, and Richard Lanier in Chowan Precinct NC ca. 1715. A Thomas Spivey is also listed. ^³²⁹)

In 1780 William Ayler was listed with 400 acres of land in the Dobbs County tax list, District 1, Lenoir County, Kinston west, but north of the Neuse River. He was payee #16. The Birds were also present. John Dukes was listed in District 10, payee 84.

Deed of sale for 100 acres of Land - name Benja Creech with no further information - beginning at a pine on ES of branch adj William Aylor, patent line - part of larger survey patented to WM. B. - torn

2. Grantee - Thomas Williamson - Grantor to John Barrs ? 200 acres - Jan Court on oath of William Aylor - Enrolled Dobbs Co – Charles Young, Regt

3. Samuel Thomas - patent and deed - (this documents is in a lot of small pieces) - 1745 - 20 April - this appears to be the patent date - NS Neuse

A Thomas Williamson was married to a daughter of Josiah John Holliman of Southampton Co VA; her sister married John Clayton (Southampton Co VA Will Book 2, p. 136). Sarah Williamson, daughter of Thomas Williamson of Southampton Co VA, married first a Ruffin and then John Taylor, son of Ethelred Taylor II and Patience Kinchen.^³³⁰ This John Taylor was the brother of William Taylor of Dobbs Co NC. The Williamsons of Isle of Wight Co VA have many Duke family connections.

There is also, from Abstracts of Pre-1880 Lenoir county and Dobbs county deeds, Surveys, Land Grants, and Miscellaneous Documents in the Collection of Paul Arendell Hodges and Alma Dawson Hodges – North Carolina Archives:

NOTE: A small map of the land surveyed is drawn in the upper right corner of the document. Thomas House sold land to John P. White ((JOHNSTON/ DOBBS/ LENOIR COUNTIES GRANTOR INDEX – BOOK 1, 1746-1750, p.3).

Thomas House was possibly the brother of Lucy House, first wife of Maj. John Duke, son of Capt. Henry Duke of Prince George County VA. The Thomas House of Greene Co NC is said to have died in Darlington Co SC. The Thomas House of Brunswick Co VA has been said to have died in Lancaster Co SC.

said Creech by his father..." Mentioned in description of bounds: line of patten granted Benjamin Creech, Joshua Barwick, Paul Hartsfield's line, all House's orchards

Note the reference to “all House’s orchards.” A Thomas House had land in Dobbs Co,^³³¹ as did William House.^³³² Both Thomas and William House were in Greensville Co VA near Maj. John Duke and John Taylor Duke, and had at least three relationships by marriage to the Duke and Taylor families:

"Surry County, Virginia, Deeds 1684-1733 and Other Court Papers," by William Lindsay Hopkins,

p. 138: 16 Jan 1726...Thomas HOUSE, Jr to William HOUSE...175 acres on NS of Three Creeks...Thomas (X) House, Jr 17 May 1727

In 1772 William Ayler was security, with Gershom Wiggins, for the estate of John Ratcliff, administered by Joseph Ratcliff (An Account of Letters of Administration Granted for Dobbs County in the Year 1772). Joseph Ratcliff’s sons William, Richard, and Samuel moved to Orangeburg County, SC, where they were close neighbors of the Dukes family. In 1784 a100 acre plat was registered for Samuel Ratcliff on the waters of the Edisto in Orangeburg County SC.^³³³ Another 100 acre plat on Cattle Creek was registered in the same year.^³³⁴ A fifty acre plat on Cattle Creek was also registered.^³³⁵ Later grants were also made to the Ratciffs in the same area, including some immediately adjacent to Michael and Thomas Dukes.^³³⁶

William Ayler is on the 1780 tax list for Lenoir Co NC, District #1, from Kinston west, north of the Neuse River along with Benjamin Bird, Reuben Freeman, William and John Aldridge.

William Ayler was later joined by William Ayler Jr. in the 1788 voting rolls for Dobbs Co (Annals of Progress, the Story of Lenoir County and Kinston, North Carolina, by William S. Powell).

Elinder Aylor later appears in the same area. Abiel Smith sold land to Elenor Ayler (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 10, Apr 1773 to Apr 1775, p. 49). Reedy Branch was eventually in Greene Co NC, a little over a mile north of the boundary with Lenoir Co. The location was very near the land of John Duke, which must have been in the extreme southwestern portion of District 10 of Dobbs County. Elinder Aylor later sold that land.

This Indenture made this Third day of December and in the Year of Our Lord One thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety five between Elinder Aylor of the State of North Carolina & County of Lenoir of the One part & Hardee Croom of the same place of the Other part - sum of Thirty Three pounds to her in hand paid by said Hardee Croom - sell a persel of Land on NW side of Gum Swamp beginning in Ready Branch - fifty acres

Enrolled in the Registers Office of Lenoir County in Liber K pages 393 & 394 the 4th day of February Amo Dom 1796

William Ayler appears in the list of those drafted for the militia 26 Jul 1777 in Dobbs Co for Capt. Kennedy’s company, along with Jesse Aldridge, Robert Bird, Thomas Bird, William Aldridge, John Fontaine, John Aldridge.

In that group he was accompanied by other individuals from Dobbs (Lenoir) County, NC, all with later Orangeburgh County, SC, residence. These included Benjamin Risher, who went on to found the Risher family of the Colleton/Orangeburg county area. John Fontaine, apparently the brother of Mary Fontaine who married Benjamin Risher before they moved to Orangeburgh, was also a member. (Francis Fontaine, her grandfather, was in 1721/22 minister of St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent and James City Counties, Virginia, home of some of the Duke family and many other families mentioned here.^³³⁷) Thomas and Benjamin Byrd are listed, and are probably brothers of the Nathaniel Bird of Lenoir County, NC, who founded the Orangeburgh/Colleton Byrd or Bird family. Nathaniel Bird appears in records with William Ayler.

The Aldridge and Byrd families were also on the boundary between Greene and Lenoir counties:

HINES COLLECTION - abstracted from Microfilm roll MF - 95 by Martha Mewborn Marble

P 253 - 1 January 1800 - Indenture - DREWRY ALDRIDGE SENR of County of Greene to RICHARD BYRD of Lenoir - 20 pds - ES Falling Creek, NS Jumping Run, Sawpit Meadow in RICHARD BYRD'S corner of a patent granted to WILLIAM ALDRIDGE JUNR, adj THOMAS BYRD --- 17 1⁄2 acres, houses, gardens, orchards

Falling Run crosses the Greene-Lenoir county boundary immediately west of Institute, NC.

The Bird family, later of Orangeburg and Colleton Co SC, was involved in a prosecution of William Aldridge of Craven (Dobbs, Lenoir) County NC:

We command you to summon ISAAC CROOM, NATHAN BIRD, THOMAS BIRD & RICHARD BIRD personally to be and appear before the judges of our Superior Court to be held for the District of Newbern at the courthouse in Newbern on the fifteenth day of May next & then & there to testify & the truth to say in a certain controvercy then and there to be tried between the state plantiff & WILLIAM ALDRIDGE JR defendant on the part of the plantiff & this they shall in no wise omit under the penality incumbent.Herein fail not & have you there and this writt.Witness JOHN COOKE clerk of court at Newbern the twentieth day of April in the sixth year of our independence Anna Dom 1782

Extent: Tracts of 150 acres, 200 acres, 40 acres, 77 acres, 77 acres, 27 and one-half acres, 40 acres, and 100 acres. Included is "the mill and plantation formerly owned by Paul Hartsfield, decd." In consideration of: 5,600 dollars

Mentioned in description of bounds: Simon Lovick and Barwick lands, Joshua Barwick, and William Ayler's corner. Witnesses: William Herring, John Sugg Aldridge

A William Aldridge was surveyed the land immediately adjacent Joseph Duke in Orangeburgh District, SC.

John Dukes appears on the 1780 taxlist of Dobbs Co NC (Dobbs/Lenoir/Greene County NC - Taxlist - Dobbs 1780 Taxlist) with 400 acres of land, in District 10 as payee 84.^³³⁸ District 10 became Greene County, and extended from Snow Hill south to Wheat Swamp including the Hookerton vicinity and Arba. Wheat Swamp is immediately east of Falling Creek. Drewry Aldridge and John Freeman were in the same district, along with Standlys.

John Dukes is on the list “Military Men over Age in Dobbs Co, NC, in 1781.” Joseph and Robert Taylor are also listed. Murtie June Clark, Colonial Soldiers of the South, 1732-1774 (Baltimore MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1983), says that the age range for the militia requirement was usually 16 to 60, but each colony could make its own laws about that as circumstances changed. Public employees and ministers were excused from duty, as were Quakers and other conscientious objectors, indentured servants, and slaves.

The 1788 voting list of Lenoir Co NC includes William and John Taylor, another William Taylor and John Taylor, as well as a John Dukes, William Aylor, William Aylor Jr., Richard Byrd, Nathan. Byrd.

John Dukes appears in the 1790 census along with members of the Freeman (John, Francis L.), Goodman (Henry, James, Timothy, William), Ruffin (Ethelred), Hardy, Harrison, Wade, and Jones families and many Taylors.

In 1796 Ann Dukes, wife of John, was ordered to appear in court to testify against Francis Meeks (CRAVEN COUNTY, NC - COURT - New Bern District Court Records Dobbs Co. and others, part18, 1798), along with Jesse Aldridge, Joseph Taylor, and John Turnage:

Information: Summons for Jesse ALDRIDGE John TURNAGE Ann DUKES to appear and testify in a matter in which Joel MEERS in plaintiff and Francis MEEKS is defendant. (Back: Not found).

Information: Summons for John TURNAGE Ann DUKE wife of John DUKE and Joseph TAYLOR to appear and testify against Francis MEEKS.

John Turnage gave his name to the Turnage Millpond on Tyson Marsh, less than a mile north of the Lenoir Co boundary in Greene County, NC, less than two miles from Reedy Branch where Elinder Aylor owned land and about four miles east of Button Branch, where the William Taylor family lived. This is consistent with other evidence that John and Ann Dukes lived quite close to the boundary between Glasgow/Greene county and Dobbs/Lenoir counties, and quite close to the Aylors and to the Taylors.

John Dukes (James) sold land to Elizabeth Lewis in about 1800 (Johnston/ Dobbs/ Lenoir Counties Grantor Index - Book 19 - Lenoir County 1799, 1800, 1801, p. 167). At about the same time William Ayler sold land to Benjamin Lewis (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 18, 1798-1799, p. 95).

An 1868 petition for a public road near Aldridge and Byrd properties in Lenoir Co. was signed by J. J. Dukes, among others (Brothers Collection, Donated by Warren Brothers, & Mrs. Henry Brothers of Institute, Lenoir County, N.C. Transcribed by Sloan Mason. J. M. Patrick, F. A. Brothers and Others to the Court: Petition for Public Road, filed Jany. Term 1868. State of North Carolina.), again placing the Duke property in the general vicinity of that owned by the Aldridge and Byrd families.

John Dukes appears in the 1790 census of Dobbs Co NC, along with members of the Freeman, Goodman, Hardy, Harrison, Wade, and Jones families and many Taylors:

An 1867 Lenoir Co NC deed places J. J. Dukes’ land adjacent that of T.P. Hardy, and near Brothers and Wilson (Brothers Collection Donated by Warren Brothers, & Mrs. Henry Brothers of Institute, Lenoir County, N.C. Transcribed by Sloan Mason Alexander Wilson (deed of land) to F. A. Brothers -1867).

In 1756 William Kinchen sold land in Dobbs Co to John Moring (Old Dobbs County Book 4, 1756-57, p. 334.) William W. Kinchen sold land to Blake Baker (Old Dobbs County Book 22 - 1746-CA-1810, p. 428), and William Kinchen sold land to George Cole (Old Dobbs County Book 5, Apr 1757-1758 p. 287).

William Kinchen was the brother of Patience Kinchen, who married Ethelred Taylor II of Southampton Co. VA. Ethelred's mother was Elizabeth Duke. In Southampton Co VA William Kinchen II owned land near Thomas Williamson:

Southampton Co Deed Book 2, Pages 86-88: JOHN and WILLIAM JACKSON to JOHN CLAYTON, joiner, dated 8 Jan 1756

145 acres on the north side of the main Blackwater Swamp adj. The east side of Meadow Branch and WILLIAM KINCHEN (land taken up by JOHN JACKSON), S: JOHN (I) JACKSON and WILLIAM (I) JACKSON, W: RICHARD (signed) KELLO, THOMAS (signed) WILLIAMSON, and RICHARD (signed) BAKER

Thomas Williamson sold land in Dobbs Co NC to William Ayler (Old Dobbs Co NC Deed Book 6, Apr 1758-1765, p. 260

Daniel Taylor owned land on Falling Creek; the deed was witnessed by William Taylor and two individuals named Robert Taylor:^³³⁹

Additional information: The first tract was granted to Edward Woodham 10 April, 1761; the second tract was granted to Philip Stone 5 May, 1769

Additional information: This land was granted to Edward Woodham 20 April, 1761

2. 25 July 1827 - The following jurors have laid off to Elizabeth Aldridge, widow of William Aldridge, dec the following land for her dower - beginning in stake in DrewAldridge’s land, adj John Aldridge, dec being old Ard patent line then with James Ard patent line as owned by William Aldridge, dec - 212 acres signed by Henry Best, Jno Edmundson, Thos. Edwards, William Henson, Kinchen Taylor, Wm. B. Taylor, Mark Heath, H. P. Barrow, Stephen Holmes, Kindred Sauls, Cullen Edwards, E. Mitchell

This Kinchen Taylor was the son of William Taylor of Wayne Co NC. That William Taylor was a grandson of Ethelred Taylor II and Patience Kinchen, a gr grandson of Ethelred Taylor and Elizabeth Duke Taylor.

William Boykin is also recorded in the Dobbs County area, purchasing land from Alice Bryant (Old Dobbs County Book 2 - April 1750 - April 1754, p. 168).William Boykin was in the portion of Dobbs that became Wayne County NC.^³⁴⁰

1766 13 Oct. Wm. (W) Joyner is one of the witnesses on a deed from Thos. Pridgen and his wife, Martha, of Dobbs co., NC to Sam'l William of Edgecombe Co. Edgecombe Co. NC Deed Book C, p. 442.

Ethelred Ruffin, who appears in the 1790 census of Dobbs County, NC, was the son of William Ruffin and Faith Gray, and the grandson of Robert Ruffin of Surry Co VA. Ethelred and Samuel Ruffin were sons of William Ruffin Sr. (a son of Robert Ruffin.). William’s sister Elizabeth married William Kinchen. Elizabeth Ruffin, Elizabeth Kinchen, daughter of Robert Ruffin Jr. and Elizabeth, married first Richard Cocke IV and second Matthew Kinchen, son of William Kinchen Sr. and Elizabeth Joyner.

In 1769 Timothy Goodman, son of Benjamin Goodman, was taxed in Dobbs County, NC, for 1 white male and 3 negroes.^³⁴¹ James and a Timothy Goodman are listed among the Dobbs County, NC, taxpayers of 1769 and 1779.^³⁴² Timothy was in the Revolutionary War.^³⁴³

Thomas House sold land to John P. White (Old Dobbs Co NC Grantor Index Bk 2, p.3). Thomas House is said to have died in Darlington Co SC.

1Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 34.

2Coldham, Peter Wilson. 1990. The Complete Book of Emigrants 1661-1699. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. Page 333.

3Brandow, James C., ed. 1982 Omitted Chapters from Hotten's Original lists of persons of Quality and Others who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700: Census Returns, Parish Registers, and Militia Rolls from the Barbados Census of 1679/80. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company.

4Hutton, Mary Louise Marshall, compiler, 1976, Seventeenth Century Colonial Ancestors of the National Society of Colonial Dames XVII Century 1915-1975. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers.

5Smith, Henry A. M. 1908. Charleston -- The Original Plan and the Earliest Settlers. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. IX (1): 12-27.

6Salley, Alexander S., Jr., ed. 1971. Register of St. Phillips Parish, Charles Town, South Carolina 1720-1758. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press. Page 242.

7Lesser, Charles H. 1995. South Carolina Begins: The Records of a Proprietary Colony, 1663-1721. Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

8Salley, Alexander S., Jr., ed. 1971. Register of St. Phillips Parish, Charles Towne, South Carolina 1720-1758. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Page 240.

9A Captain Lloyd was an early Orangeburgh District settler (South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. III (2): 98) but he does not appear to be the same individual.

10May, W. E. 1970. His Majesty’s Ships on the Carolina Station. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. 71 (3): 163.

11Charleston Will Book. Aug. 1731-July 1733. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

12Smith, Henry A. M. Jan 1918. Charleston and Charleston Neck. The Original Grantees and the Settlements along the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XIX(1): 44.

13South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. VIII (1): 51.

14Olsberg, Nicholas R. 1973. Ship Registers in the South Carolina Archives. South Carolina Historical Magazine. Vol. 74(4): 225.

15Holcomb, Brent, H. 1996. Petitions for Land from the South Carolina Journals. Vol. II. 1748-1752. Columbia: SCMAR. Page 61.

16Colonial Inventory Book I-I, pages 261-262. South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. IX (2): 81.

17A John Crawford voted in the election of St. David’s Parish, in 1769. This is obviously not the same John Crawford Mary’s husband, but could be a son. (Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company.)

18National Society of Colonial Dames of America. 1916. The Register Book for the Parish of Prince Frederick Winyaw. Baltimore: National Society of Colonial Dames of America. Page 51.

19Lucas, Silas Emmett. 1977. Probate Records of South Carolina, Volume I: Index to Inventories 1746-1785. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 38.

20Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company. Page 70.

21Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company. Page 71.

22Matthews, Edna Crawford. Heritage of William Murphy Crawford and Almina (Boggs) Crawford Family. Excerpt sent by Christine Jensen April 22, 1997.

23St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent County, VA, Parish Register.

24Hanover County, VA, Records. William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine Vol. 61.

25Brandenberger, Evelyn Duke. 1979. The Duke Family. Houston: Evelyn Duke Brandenberger. Page 340.

26Brandenberger, Evelyn Duke. 1979. The Duke Family. Houston: Evelyn Duke Brandenberger. Pages 9-11.

27Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company. Pages 77-78.

28Lucas, Silas Emmett. 1977. An Index to Deeds of the Province and State of South Carolina 1719-1785 and Charleston District 1785-1800. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 627.

29Lucas, Silas Emmett. 1977. An Index to Deeds of the Province and State of South Carolina 1719-1785 and Charleston District 1785-1800. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 172.

30Holcomb, Brent. 1979. Saint David’s Parish South Carolina: Minutes of the Vestry 1768-1832, Parish Register 1819-1924. Pickens: Southern Historical Press. Page 1.

31Holcomb, Brent. 1979. Saint David’s Parish South Carolina: Minutes of the Vestry 1768-1832, Parish Register 1819-1924. Pickens: Southern Historical Press. Pages 2-3.

32Holcomb, Brent. 1979. Saint David’s Parish South Carolina: Minutes of the Vestry 1768-1832, Parish Register 1819-1924. Pickens: Southern Historical Press. Page 5.

331901. Papers of the First Council of Safety of the Revolutionary Party in South Carolina., June-November 1775. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. II(4): 264-265.

34Lucas, Silas Emmett. 1977. An Index to Deeds of the Province and State of South Carolina 1719-1785 and Charleston District 1785-1800. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 311.

35Moss, Bobby Gilmer. 1983. Roster of South Carolina Patriots in the American Revolution. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Page 74.

36ESCN Database Search Report. Surname Duke. 29 Jul 1996. South Carolina Gazette. Requested by Richard E. Duke.

37South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. 25 (1):10.

38Coker, P.C. 1987. Charleston’s Maritime Heritage 1670-1865. Charleston: CokerCraft Press. Page 299.

39George Snow, eventually resident in Prince Frederick Parish, was Master of the brig Hawke, also out of Charleston (South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. VIII:42-43).

40South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. 73: 311.

41Clute, Robert F. 1884.The Annals and Parish Register of St. Thomas & St. Denis Parish. Charleston: St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish. Page 62.

42Clute, Robert F. 1884.The Annals and Parish Register of St. Thomas & St. Denis Parish. Charleston: St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish. Page 99.

43Clute, Robert F. 1974. The Annals and Registers of St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish, South Carolina, 1680-1884. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. Page 30.

44Hicks, Theresa M. ed. 1998. South Carolian Indians, Indian Traders and Other Ethnic Connections Beginning in 1670. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company. Pages 235-241.

46Clute, Robert F. 1974. The Annals and Registers of St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish, South Carolina, 1680-1884. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. Page 30.

47Auditor General’s Accounts 1778-80. Page 28. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

48Pinckney, Elise, ed. 1973. Register of St. Phillip’s Church 1810 through 1822. Charleston: The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in South Carolina Page 14.

49Clark, Martie June. 1986. Colonial Soldiers of the South 1732-1774. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.

50Warren, Mary Bondurant, 1988. South Carolina Newspapers: the South Carolina Gazette 1760. Danielsville GA: Heritage Papers. Page 83.

51Moore, Caroline T. 1969. Abstracts of the Wills of the State of South Carolina 1760-1784, Vol. III. Pages 80-81.

52This is probably an error, one commonly made, for Benjamin Simmons. Individuals named Benjamin Simmons were both the grandfather and the uncle of Henry Simons, who married Elizabeth Duke in 1766. At this time the older Benjamin Simmons was deceased, but the uncle survived.

53Joseph Warnock married Ann Metheringham in Christ Church Parish in 1772. (Webber, Mabel L. 1920. The Register of Christ Church Parish. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XXI(2): 53.

54Holcomb, Brent H. 1977. Probate Records of South Carolina, Volume I: Index to Inventories 1746-1785. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 67.

55Salley, Alexander S., Jr. 1905. John Alston. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. VI(2): 116.

561910. Records Kept by Col. Issaac Hayne. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. XI(3): 154.

57Register, Jennie Heyward. 1923. Mariage and Death Notices from the City Gazette. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XXIV (2):78.

58Henry Bochet was a publican in the Parish of St. James Santee in 1758. Webber, Mabel L. Parish Register of St. James’ Santee 1758-1788. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XVII(1): 34.

59Webber, Mabel L., ed. Parish Register of St. James’, Santee 1758-1788. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine Vol. XVI:165.

60Charleston Will Book SS, 1771-1774. Page 180. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

61Webber, Mabel L. 1925. Abstracts from an Old Account Book of Georgetown District. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XXVI (3): 152.

62Old Dobbs County NC Grantee Index, Book 3, Aprl 1754-1755/ Page 15.

63There are also two listings for Grace “Bowdwell”, almost certainly the same name.

64There was an extensive Dudley family in Virginia, including New Kent County. (Sainsbury, W. N. Virignia in 1677-1678. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. XXIII: 148-149).

65Salley, Alexander S., Jr., ed. 1971. Register of St. Phillip’s Parish, Charles Town, South Carolina 1720-1758. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press. Page 164.

66Salley, Alexander S., Jr., ed. 1971. Register of St. Phillips Parish, Charles Towne, South Carolina 1720-1758. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Page 248.

67Webber, Mabel L. 1916. Early Generations of the Seabrooke Family. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XVII: 14-25.

68Calhoun, Jane A., Martha A. Zierden, and Elizabeth A. Paysinger. 1985. The Geographic Spread of Charleston’s Mercantile Community, 1732-1767. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. 86 (3): 213.

69South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. VIII (1): 51.

70Holcomb, Brent H. 1977. Probate Records of South Carolina. Vol. 1: Index to Inventories 1746-1785. Southern Historical Press. Page 65.

71South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine IX:21,23; XI:124,127; XXXI:92

72South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine Vol. 74 (4): 199.

73Webber, Mabel L. 1919. Register of Christ Church Parish. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XX: 70.

74Webber, Mabel L. 1919. Register of Christ Church Parish. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XX: 68.

75ESCN Database Search Report. 27 May 1997. South Carolina Gazette. Requested by Lynn S. Teague.

76Salley, A. S., Jr. 1907. Journal of the Grand Council of South Carolina April 11 1692-September 26, 1692. Columbia: The Historical Commission of South Carolina. Page 61.

77Wright, David McCord. 1961. Petitioners to the Crown Against the Proprietors. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. LXII (2): 89, 95.

78Salley, Alexander S., Jr. Register of St. Phillips Parish 1720-1758. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

79Register of Christ Church Parish. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XVIII (2): 73

80ESCN Database Search Report. 27 May 1997. South Carolina Gazette. Requested by Lynn S. Teague.

81Warren, Mary B. ed. 1977. South Carolina Jury Lists, 1718-1783. Danielsville GA: Heritage Papers.

82Joseph Tobias advertised as a merchant in Charleston between 1744 and 1749. (Calhoun, Jane A., Martha A. Zierden, and Elizabeth A. Paysinger. 1985. The Geographic Spread of Charleston’s Mercantile Community, 1732-1767. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. 86 (3): 182-220.)

83Judgment Rolls. Vol. 33A, Item 0104A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

84Samuel Varnor was a resident of Christ Church Parish, with his wife Susannah and children. (Webber, Mabel L. 1920. The Register of Christ Church Parish. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XXI (2): 54, 57, 58.

85Judgment Rolls. Vol. 34B, Item 0053A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

86Webber, Mabel L. 1919. The Register of Christ Church Parish. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XX (1): 69.

87Judgment Rolls. Vol. 37A, Item 0070A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

88Judgment Rolls. Vol. 41B, Item 0019A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

89Webber, Mabel L. 1919. The Register of Christ Church Parish. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XX (1): 67.

90Probate Records of South Carolina Volume 3: Journal of the Court of Ordinary. Page 21.

91Webber, Mabel L. 1920. The Register of Christ Church Parish. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol.XXI (1): 32.

92Warren, Mary B., ed. 1977. South Carolina Jury Lists 1718-1783. Danielsville GA: Heritage Papers. Page 50.

93Judgment Rolls. Vol. 52A, Item 53A. South Carolian Department of History and Archives.

94Olsberg, Nicholas R. 1973. Ship Registers in the South Carolina Archives. South Carolina Historical Magazine. Vol. 74(4):237.

95Charleston County Wills, Vol. 14 (1771-74), page 139.

96Holcomb, Brent H. 1978. Probate Records of South Carolina. Vol. 2. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 16.

97Charleston Inventories. Vol. &, pages 19-20. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

98LDS Military Pensions, Various Counties - S. Carolina 1750-1900: 0855233, frame 0559.

99Moss, Bobby Gilmer. 1983. Roster of South Carolina Patriots in the American Revolution. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Page 272.

100South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. VIII:81.

101Bills of Sale: Secretary of State, Recorded Instruments, Miscellaneous Records, Main Series, Bills of Sale, Volumes 1773-1840. Vol. 40: 144. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

102Charleston District Court of Common Pleas Summary Process Rolls 1791-1823. Vol. 1820: 118A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

103Charleston District Court of Common Pleas Summary Process Rolls 1791-1823. Vol. 1822: 81A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

104Charleston District Court of Common Pleas Judgement Rolls 1791-1839. Vol. 1822: 109A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

105Charleston District Court of Common Pleas Summary Process Rolls 1791-1823. Vol. 1823: 70A. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

106Webber, Mabel L., ed. 1915. Parish Register of St. James’, Santee 1758-1788. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XVI (4): 166-167.

107Vol. 12, Item 6138, McCrady Plats. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

108Rogers, George C., Jr., David R. Chesnutt, Editors, and Peggy J. Clark, Editorial Assistant. The Papers of Henry Laurens. Volume Five: Sept. 1, 1765-July 31, 1768. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

109Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 114.

110Torrence, Clayton. 1980. Virginia Wills and Administrations 1632-1800. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. Page 394.

111Greater London Record Office, Middlesex Section Middlesex County Record Office. Class P.I. 343-742. Title Quarter Sessions Records. Plantation Indentures 1682/83-1684. Box II. Original numbers 601-1000. Indentures for service in Virginia. Dates 1684.

113Weisiger, Benjamin B. 1994 Prince George County Virginia Wills and Deeds 1713-1728. Athens GA: Iberian Publishing Co. Page 52.

114Wright, Louis B. and Marion Tinling, eds. William Byrd of Virginia. The London Diary (1717-1721) and Other Writings. New York: Oxford University Press. Page 452.

115The Genealogists’ Magazine, Vol. XII (1957), p. 342.

116Hopkins, Garland Evans. Virginia Lee Freeman Taylor and Robert Brant Taylor, eds.. 1995. Freeman Forebears.

118Chamberlayne, Churchill Gibson, ed. 1898 (1999). The Vestry Book and Register of Bristol Parish, Virginia, 1720-1789. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. P.10.

119Davis, Eliza Timberlake, ed. Wills and Administrations of Surry County, Virginia, 1671-1750. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. Page 122-123.

120Davis, Eliza Timberlake. 1980. Surry County records: Surry County, Virginia, 1652-1684. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.

121Davis, Eliza Timberlake, ed. 1980. Wills and Administrations of Surry County, Virginia 1671-1750. Baltimore: Clearfield. P. 58.

122Surry Co VA Deed Book 4, page 193. Surry Co VA Deed Book 4 page 191.

123Symonds, Francis Campbell. 1936. The Hatcher Family. William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. 2^nd Ser. Vol. 16(3).

124Neale, Gay. 1975. Brunswick County, Virginia, 1720-1975. Brunswick County: The Brunswick County Bicentennial Committee. Pages 45-47.

127Holcomb, Brent H. 1996. Petitions for Land from the South Carolina Council Journals. Vol. I: 1734/35-48. Columbia: SCMAR. Page 309.

128Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 107.

129Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page114.

130Charleston Deeds. Book FF, page 188. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

131Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 132.

132Charleston Deeds (Series S372001). Vol. 02EO. Page 00183. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

133Royal Council Journal, November 1757. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

134Holcomb, Brent H. 1998. Petitions for Land from the South Carolina Council Journals. Vol. V: 1757-1765. Columiba: SCMAR. Page 15.

135Royal Grants, Vol. 8, page 428. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

136Colonial Plats, Vol. 6, page 307, Item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

137Wright, David McCord. 1961. Petitioners to the Crown against the Proprietors, 1716-1717. South Carolina Historical Magazine Vol. LXII (2): 89.

138McCrady, Edward. 1969. The History of South Carolina under the Royal Government 1719-1776. New York: Russell & Russell.

139Hicks, Theresa M. 1998. South Carolina Indians, Indian Traders, and Other Ethnic Connections Beginning in 1670. Spartanburg: Peppercorn Publications and The Reprint Company. Page 119.

140Memorials, Vol. 14, page 31, item 3. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

141Colonial Plats. Vol. 6, page 307, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

142Memorials, Vol. 9, page 239, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

143Hendrix, Ge Lee Hendrix. The First Settlers on The North Fork of The Edisto River, S. C. The National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 73, page 179.

144Memorials, Vol. 11, page 227, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

145Royal Grants, Vol. 8, page 298. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

146Colonial Plats. Vol. 4 , page 429., item 02 South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

147Memorials, Vol. 14, page 31, item 3. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

148Hicks, Theresa M. 1998. South Carolina Indians, Indian Traders, and Other Ethnic Connections Beginning in 1670. Spartanburg: Peppercorn Publications and The Reprint Company. Pages 35-36.

149Langley, Clara A. 1984. South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1719-1772. Vol. IV: 1767-1773, Books I-3 - E-4. Easely: Southern History Press. Page 230.

150Memorials, Vol. 11, page 228, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

151Culler, Daniel Marchant. 1995. Orangeburgh District 1768-1868: History and Records. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company.

152Langley, Clara A. 1984. South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1719-1772. Vol. IV: 1767-1773, Books I-3 - E-4. Easely: Southern History Press. Page 236.

153Colonial Plats, Vol. 15, page 102, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

154Memorials, Vol. 11, page 515, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

155Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 127.

156Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 138.

157Colonial Plats. Vol. 4, page 429, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

158Holcomb, Brent, H. 1996. Petitions for Land from the South Carolina Council Journals. Volume I: 1734/5-1748. Columbia: SCMAR. Page 309.

159Waters, Margaret. 2002. A Preliminary Study of the colonial Landowners of Orangeburgh Township, SC, 1733-1749. Savannah GA: Margaret Waters.

160Colonial Plats. Vol. 9, page 494, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

161Colonial Plats. Vol. 11, page 562, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

162Holcomb, Brent, H. 1998. Petitions for Land from the South Carolina Council Journals, Vol. IV: 1754-1756. Columbia: SCMAR. PAGE 31.

163Holcomb, Brent, H. 1999. Petitions for Land from the South Carolina Council Journals, Vol. VI: 1766-1770. Columbia: SCMAR. PAGE 54.

164SCDAH. Colonial Grants. Vol. 7. Page 202.

SCDAH. Colonial Plats. Vol. 9. Page 107.

SCDAH. Colonial Grants. Vol. 15. Page 117.

SCDAH. Colonial Memorials. Vol. 9. Page 411.

165SCDAH. Colonial Memorials. Vol. 12. Page 63.

See also Colonial Plats Vol. 19, p.337; Colonial Grants Vol. 34, p. 532.

166Colonial Plats. Vol. 6, page 360, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

167Memorials, Vol. 7, page 174, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

168Colonial Deeds. Vol. 2T0, page 164. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

Memorials. Vol. 12, page 63, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

169Colonial Plats. Vol. 6, page 385, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

170Memorials, Vol. 11, page 515, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

171Holcomb, Brent H. 1993. Charleston Deed Book K-4, pages 360-365. In "South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1773-1778: Books F-4 through X-4." Columbia: SC Mar. Page 67.

172Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 136.

173Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 105.

174“Petition of Citizens of Orangeburgh Township in behalf of Rev. John Giessendanner, 1749. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. January-April 1923. Vol. XXIV, No1. P. 50.

175Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 124.

176Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 151.

177Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 169.

178Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 125.

179Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 127.

180Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 133.

181Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 142-143.

182Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 170.

183Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 173.

184Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 184.

185Clark, Murtie June. 1981. Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War. Vol. I: official Rolls of Loyalists Recruited from North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana. (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc.), 199, 207.

186Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 107.

187Continental Regiments 26 (Roll 16, M853). South Carolina Carolina Department of Archives and History.

188“1820 Petition of Persons in Orangeburgh Parish.” Spring 1984. OGS Newsletter. Vol. 1, No. 12. Page 57.

189Moss, Bobby Gilmer. 1983. Roster of South Carolina Patriots in the American Revolution. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc.

190Donald Ray "Chip" Dukes, Jr., Winnie Caroline Corbett Betsill, and Jefferson Morris Corbett. 1995. "The Dukes Family." Second Printing.

191Clark, Murtie June. 1981. "Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War." Vol. I. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Page 171.

192Colonial Memorials. Vol. 7, page 383, item 3. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

193Charleston Deeds. Vol. 2YO, page 40. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

194Culler, Daniel Marchant. 1995. Orangeburgh District 1768-1868: History and Records. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company.

195William Walter Dukes, Jr., Family File, February 1997.

197Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 155.

198Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 175.

199Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 189.

200Holcomb, Brent H. 1993. Charleston Deed Book M-4, pages 303-308. In "South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1773-1778: Books F-4 through X-4." Columbia: SCMar. Page 90.

201Charleston District Will Book Vol. 15, 1774-1779, p. 179. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

202Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 107.

203Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 125.

204Hendrix, Ge Lee Hendrix. The First Settlers on The North Fork of The Edisto River, S. C. The National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 73, page192.

205Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 96.

207Hendrix, Ge Lee Hendrix. The First Settlers on The North Fork of The Edisto River, S. C. The National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 73, page 179.

208Hendrix, Ge Lee Hendrix. The First Settlers on The North Fork of The Edisto River, S. C. The National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 73, page 193.

209Hendrix, Ge Lee Hendrix. The First Settlers on The North Fork of The Edisto River, S. C. The National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 73, page 191.

210Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 94.

211Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 125.

212Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 113.

213Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page110.

214Weir, Robert M. 1969. Muster Rolls of the South Carolina Granville and Colleton County Regiments of Militia, 1756. The South Carolina Historical Magazine. Vol. 70 (4): 238.

215Zimmie Dantzler Plats. Orangeburgh German-Swiss Newsletter. Vol. I: 120.

216Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 265.

217Jervey, Elizabeth H. 1942. Abstracts from Records of Court of Ordinary 1764-1771. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XLIII (4): 243.

218Charleston Deed Book T-3 Pp. 88-93. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

219South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. V, Spring 1977(2):117.

220Colonial Plats. Vol. 10, page 229. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

221American Revolution Roster, Fort Sullivan (Later Fort Moultrie) 1776-1780, Battle of Fort Sullivan, Events Leading to First Decisive Vicotry. Charleston: Fort Sullivan Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution. Page 140.

222Holcomb, Brent H. 1993. Charleston Deed Book M-4, pages 303-308. In "South Carolina Deed Abstracts 1773-1778: Books F-4 through X-4." Columbia: SCMar. Page 90.

223Memorials, Vol. 11, page 515, item 2. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

224Colonial Plats, Vol. 14, page 211, item 3. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

225Memorials, Vol. 12, page 417, item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

226State Grants, Vol. 9, page 25. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

227State Plats, Vol. 2, page 373. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

228State Grants, Vol. 7, page 448. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

229State Grants, Vol. 28, page 196. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

230State Grants, Vol. 36, page 553. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

231State Plats, Vol. 31, page 371. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

232Judgement Rolls. 1797. Item 453A. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

233American Revolution Roster, Fort Sullivan (Later Fort Moultrie) 1776-1780, Battle of Fort Sullivan, Events Leading to First Decisive Victory. Charleston: Fort Sullivan Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution. Page 140.

234Donald Ray "Chip" Dukes, Jr., Winnie Caroline Corbett Betsill, and Jefferson Morris Corbett. 1995. "The Dukes Family." Second Printing.

235The Smoak Family Manuscript Collection. Transcribed for the <Orangeburgh_sc-L@rootsweb.com> list 4 August 1997.

236Orangeburgh German-Swiss Newsletter, Vol. I:115.

237Orangeburgh German-Swiss Newsletter. Vol. I: 57.

2381916. The Register Book for the Parish Prince Frederick Winyaw. Baltimore: The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Page 21.

South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine Vol. IX:21,23; Vol. XI:124,127; Vol. XXXI:92.

239Colonial Plats, Vol. 11, p. 407. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

240Colonial Plats. Vol. 21, p. 88. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

241Colonial Plats, Vol. 23, p. 223. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

242Volume PP, Miscellaneous Records, p. 464. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

2431916. The Register Book for the Parish Prince Frederick Winyaw. Baltimore: The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Page 221.

244Boddie, William Willis. 1980. History of Williamsburg County. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company.

245Warren, Mary B., ed. 1977. South Carolina Jury Lists, 1718-1783. Danielsville GA: Heritage Papers.

246Holcomb, Brent, and Parker. Camden District, SC. Wills & Adminstrations 1781-1787. Southern Historical Press. P. 73.

247They didn’t comply with this request, or at least all of them didn’t -- the Richardson family continues in this area.

248Holcomb, Brent, and Parker. Camden District, SC. Wills & Adminstrations 1781-1787. Southern Historical Press. P. 73.

249Bear, Mary Caperton, and Mary Catharine Murphy, eds. 1897. The Parish Register of Christ Church, Middlesex County, Va., from 1653 to 1812. Richmond: National Society of Colonial Dames in Virginia.

250Ames, Joseph S. 1910. The Cantey Family. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XI (4): 203, 225.

251Richardson, Emma B. 1946. “Letters of William Richardson, 1765-1784.” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XLVII (1): 1.

252Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 174.

253Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 179.

254Culler, Daniel Marchant. 1995. Orangeburgh District 1768-1868, History and Records. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company. Page 329.

255G.A. Petition. 1816. #70. South Carolina Department of Archives and History. In Orangeburgh German-Swiss Newsletter, Vol. I, page 114.

256Book P-3, page 277. Charleston Deeds. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

257Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 279- 280.

258Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Pages 248-249.

259Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 265.

260Anon. 1901. Papers of the First Council of Safety of the Revolutionary Party in South Carolina, June-November 1775. South Carolina Magazine of History and Genealogy. Vol. II (4): 263-264.

261Book B-5, page 379. Charleston Deeds. South Carolina Department of History and Archives.

262A.A.2068. R91. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

263Holcomb, Brent, and Elmer O. Parker. 1978 Camden District, SC. Wills & Adminstrations 1781-1787. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 21.

264There were connections between the Duke and Simms families in Berkeley County, possibly forming the basis for William Gilmore Simms’ comment.

265O'Brien, Michael. 1986. Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston: Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

266William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 4.

267Thomas Boone Fraser (1825-1900) Collection, Manuscripts Division, The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.

268Singleton Family Collection, Manuscripts Division, The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.

269William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.

270Carson, Ashmead Courtnay (1876-1941). The Carson Family. Quoted by Kay White in e-mail of 9 March 1999.

271O'Brien, Michael. 1986. Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston: Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Pages 21,34.

272South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. 73: 311.

273Carson, Ashmead Courtnay (1876-1941). The Carson Family. Quoted by Kay White in e-mail of 9 March 1999.

274William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 3, page 88.

275William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 3, page 82.

276William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.Vol. 3, page 80.

277William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 1, page 87.

278William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 2.

279William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 1, page 133.

280William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 2.

281William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 3.

282William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 3.

283William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 3.

284William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 4.

285William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. IV, page 18.

286Holcomb, Brent H. 1990. Marriage and Death Notices from the Charleston Observer 1827-1845. Bowie MD: Heritage Books Inc. Page 121.

287Carson, Ashmead Courtnay (1876-1941). The Carson Family. Quoted by Kay White in e-mail of 9 March 1999.

288William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 5.

289Moore, Alexander, Ed. Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives. Volume V, 1816-1828. Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

290Bear, Mary Caperton, and Mary Catharine Murphy, eds. 1897. The Parish Register of Christ Church, Middlesex County, Va., from 1653 to 1812. Richmond: National Society of Colonial Dames in Virginia. Page 112.

291William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 2.

292William Christopher Dukes (b. 1794) Collection, Catalog Number 4138, Manuscripts Division, Manuscripts on Microfilm. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. Vol. 3.

294Clarendon County, SC, Deed Book, F, page 386.

295It was reported earlier that on 9 December 1784 Benjamin Duke witnessed the marriage of Lewis Bochet (Parish of Prince George) and Rebecca Watts (Prince Frederick Parish) at the home of Mrs. Rebeca Watts of the Parish of Prince Frederick. The service was conducted by Samuel Fenner Warren, of St. James Parish, Santee.Benjamin Duke served as a witness, with Joseph Boutwell. This could be the Bochette family noted above.

298Clute, Robert F. 1974. The Annals and Registers of St. Thomas and St. Denis Parish, South Carolina, 1680-1884. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company. Page 13.

299Holcomb, Brent, and Elmer O. Parker. 1978 Camden District, SC. Wills & Adminstrations 1781-1787. Easley: Southern Historical Press.

300Camden District, SC Wills & Administrations 1781-1787. Holcomb & Parker: Southern Historical Press.

302Ames, Joseph S. 1910. Cantey Family. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XI (4): 241.

303Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 152.

304Giessendanner Records. In Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 191.

305Stub Indents AA-2070. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

306Will of Mary Maples, Sumter SC Probate Records Bundle 62, Package 10. South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research. Vol. XII: 4.

307Williamsburg County, SC, Will Book A pages 220-222. South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 3, page 51.

309South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine Vol. 55: 178.

310Salley, A.S., Jr. 1898. The History of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, from Its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War. Orangeburg, S.C.; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1994. Page 152.

311Holcomb, Brent, and Elmer O. Parker. 1978. Camden District, SC. Wills & Adminstrations 1781-1787. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 32.

312Sumter County, SC, Probate Court Bdle. 110, pkg. 3.

313Sumter County, SC, Probate Court Bdle. 116, Pkg. 4.

314Holcomb, Brent. 1982. Orangeburgh District South Carolina Returns in Partition from the Court of Equity 1824-1837. Page 41.

315The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. 78: 169.

316Holcomb, Brent H. 1979. Marriage and Death Notices from The (Charleston) Times, 1800-1821. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. Page 303.

317Holcomb, Brent, and Elmer O. Parker. 1978 Camden District, SC. Wills & Adminstrations 1781-1787. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 54.

318Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company. Page 603.

319Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company. Page 602.

320Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander. 1925. History of the Old Cheraws. Columbia: The State Company. Page 603.

321South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. XIII(1): pp. 16-22.

323Thomas Flavier Duke Family Bible. In possession of Teresa and Bertie Duke, 1971.

324Brandenberger, Evelyn Duke. 1979. The Duke Family. Houston: Evelyn Duke Brandenberger. Pages 367-368.

325Salley, A.S., Jr. Marriage Notices in the South Carolina Gazette. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.

South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. XIX: 107.

326Holcomb, Brent H. 1977. Probate Records of South Carolina, Volume I: Index to Inventories 1746-1785. Easley: Southern Historical Press. Page 400.

328Ratcliff, Clarence E. 1984. North Carolina Taxpayers 1701-1786. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. Page 8.

329Early Records of North Carolina Settlers, 1700s – 1900s. North Carolina Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. I, Jan 1900. Pages 147-149.

330Hollowak, Thomas L. ed. 1981. Taylor of Southampton. Genealogies of Virginia Families from the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. V: Randolph-Zouch. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Page 388.

331Dobbs Co NC Grantor Index BOOK 2 Apr 1750-Apr 1754. P.3.

332Dobbs Co NC Grantor Index BOOK 3 Apr 1754-Apr 1755. P.119.

333Series Number: S213190. State Plats. Volume: 0010 Page: 00379. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

334Series Number: 213190. State Plats. Volume: 0003. Page 00156. Item 1. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

335Series Number 213190. State Plats. Volume 0003. Page 00158. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

336Series Number 213190. State Plats. Volume 31. Page 00371. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.

337Chamberlayne, C. G. 1937. The Vestry Book and Register of St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent and James City Counties, Virginia. 1684-1786. Richmond: The Library Board. Pages 181-182,

338The Duke family of Dobbs Co. should not be confused with the Ducks. In 1769 the Dobbs Co NC tax list includes Jacob Duck and John Barefoot Duck. These are descendants of the Duck/Duche family of Isle of Wight Co VA. The Johnston/Dobbs/Lenoir Counties Grantor Index - Book 4 - 1756 – 1757 p. 527 includes a deed of land to Robert Duck. Cader Roundtree sold land to Jacob Duck (Old Dobbs County Book 8 - April 1769 - April 1771, p. 279).

339Dobbs Co, NC, Miscellaneous Deeds (1757-1787). Abstracts of Dobbs County Deeds, Surveys, and Land Grants in the Francis Roland Hodges, Sr., and Julia Daly Hodges Collection – North Carolina Archives.

340Wayne County NC Court Records. Fayetteville District, Misc Papers, 1761-1801, State of North Carolina In the House of Commons 13th December 1786.

341North Carolina Genealogical Society Journal. May 1988, May 1989. Pages 21, 42,63,64,96-98,109,113.

342Ratcliff, Clarence E. North Carolina Taxpayers 1701-1786. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc.

343Gwathmey, John H. Historical Register of Virginians in the Revolution 1775-1783. Page 316.