| VOCABULARY: Early Africa, World Exploration, Latin America, and Individuals | ||
| Category | Term | Definition |
| 1 - Early Africa | "Dark Continent" | how Europeans referred to Africa before 1900 because they didn't know much about it |
| 1 - Early Africa | Ancient Egypt | one of the first great civilizations - circa 3000 BCE - 1000 BCE |
| 1 - Early Africa | Axum / Aksum | an African civilization [100 BCE - 600 AD] site of trade between Africa and Asia: India |
| 1 - Early Africa | Benin | African "forest" kingdom [1000 AD - 1500 AD] noted for woodcarvings & metal work - sculptures |
| 1 - Early Africa | Ghana | an early west African civilization - [400 AD - 1100 AD] - site of gold & salt trade |
| 1 - Early Africa | Great Rift Valley | a canyon [a series of small mountains] running down the east side of the African continent - anthropologists say its where mankind first began |
| 1 - Early Africa | Great Zimbabwe | southern African civilization - [1000 AD - 1500 AD] - truly African civilization - stone buildings |
| 1 - Early Africa | Islam | a major religion in the northern part of the African continent |
| 1 - Early Africa | Kush | an African civilization [1700 BCE - 1000 BCE] - located south of Egypt - rule by female monarchs |
| 1 - Early Africa | Mali | an early west African civilization - [1000 AD - 1400 AD] - center of trade: gold & salt, Islamic center of learning |
| 1 - Early Africa | Mansa Musa | king of Mali Empire - 1300s made a pilgrimage to Mecca - crossed the Sahara Desert in the process |
| 1 - Early Africa | matrilineal | when rule comes from the female side of the family |
| 1 - Early Africa | nomadic | people who move from place to place |
| 1 - Early Africa | Songhai | a north-central African civilization - [1400 AD - 1600 AD] - standardized weights & measures - Islamic legal system |
| 1 - Early Africa | Timbuktu | capital of Mali Empire: center of trade & Islamic learning |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | desertification | when the desert expands using up valuable farm land |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | extended family | mom, dad, kids, grandparents, relatives, etc. |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | Great Rift Valley | a canyon [a series of small mountains] running down the east side of the African continent - anthropologists say its where mankind first began |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | matriarchal | when the mother rules the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | matrilineal | when everything is passed down through the female side of the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | modern | up-to-date, constantly changing |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | nationalism | being loyal to your country/nation first |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | Nile River | longest river in the world, "source of life" |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | nuclear family | mom, dad & kids |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | patriarchal | when the father rules the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | patrilineal | when everything is passed down through the male side of the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | polyrhythmic | multiple rhthyms going through one piece of music, sometimes as many as 5 |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | rural | out in the country, the Town of Montgomery or Pine Bush |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | Sahara Desert | acts as a "natural barrier" - increases "cultural diversity" |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | savanna | grassland |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | traditional | doing things the way they've always been done, slow change |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | tribalism | when a person is loyal to his/her tribe, rather than his/her nation |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | tropical rainforest | hot, humid, dense vegetation [a lot of trees, vines, bushes] |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | urban | the city, New York City, the City of Newburgh |
| 2 - Explorers | Bartholomeu Diaz | late 1400s - 1st European to reach tip of southern Africa |
| 2 - Explorers | Christopher Columbus | European Explorer: "discovered" Western Hemisphere for Spain in 1492 |
| 2 - Explorers | Vasco da Gama | late 1400s - 1st European to reach India by water route [from Atlantic to Indian Ocean] |
| 2 - Explorers | Vikings | explored areas west of Europe: Iceland, Greenland, & North America: Maine |
| 3 - Explorers | Balboa | 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean - went from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans by cutting through 45 miles of jungle in 24 days |
| 3 - Explorers | Ferdinand Magellan | 1st person to prove the world was actually ROUND - sailed around it in a round-a-bout way |
| 3 - Latin America | Aztecs | civilization located in Mexico [1300 AD - 1500 AD] - began as agricultural - turned to war - ritual sacrifices - noted for capital built on islands connected by bridges |
| 3 - Latin America | Incas | civilization located in South America: Andes Mountains [Peru & Bolivia] - built roads, bridges, tunnels, terrace farming, self-sufficient agriculture |
| 3 - Latin America | land-bridge | Siberia [Russia] across Bering Sea/Strait to Alaska - how early man entered the Western Hemisphere |
| 3 - Latin America | Mayas | civilization located on Yucatan Peninsula in southern Mexico - [300 AD - 900 AD] - noted for pyramid like structures of worship & writing system |
| 3 - Latin America | Olmec | one of the earliest American civilizations [1200 BCE]- located in central Mexico on the Gulf of Mexico - agricultural |
| 3 - Latin America | terrace-farming | farming on sides of mountains by carving out flat steps in them |
| 4 - Latin America | Atlantic Slave Trade | native Africans brought to the Western Hemisphere against their will to work on plantations & in mines |
| 4 - Latin America | cash-crop | growing 1 crop to sell & make money off of it |
| 4 - Latin America | caudillo | dictator in Latin America |
| 4 - Latin America | Cinco de Mayo | Mexican holiday [May 5th] - marks Mexico's victory over France |
| 4 - Latin America | colonize | to take over a piece of land & rule it |
| 4 - Latin America | colony | an area controlled & ruled by another country - usually for profit |
| 4 - Latin America | conquest | to take over |
| 4 - Latin America | conquistadore | a Spanish warrior |
| 4 - Latin America | Creoles | Spanish people who born in Latin America |
| 4 - Latin America | despot | dictator |
| 4 - Latin America | economics | making a living |
| 4 - Latin America | encomienda | a large Latin American plantation |
| 4 - Latin America | Father Miguel Hidalgo | Father of Mexican independence movement |
| 4 - Latin America | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish person who conquered the Incas in early 1500s |
| 4 - Latin America | gaucho | a cowboy in Argentina |
| 4 - Latin America | Gran Colombia | Simon Bolivar's idea for a "United States of South America" |
| 4 - Latin America | Grito de Dolores | "Ringing of the Bells", what Father Miguel Hidalgo did - it marked the beginning of the Mexican independence movement |
| 4 - Latin America | Hernando Cortez | Spanish person who conquered the Aztecs in early 1500s |
| 4 - Latin America | imperialism | taking over another country/area for your own benefit/gain |
| 4 - Latin America | inhabit | to live |
| 4 - Latin America | Jose de San Martin | leader of southern, South American independence movement |
| 4 - Latin America | Latin America | all land from Mexico & Cuba - south to Chile & Argentina [southern part of North America & all of South America] - largely Spanish speaking & Roman Catholic |
| 4 - Latin America | Line of Demarcation | a line on a map - drawn by the Pope - stated all land to the west of it was for Spain, all land to the east was for Portugal |
| 4 - Latin America | mercantilism | economic imperialism: using a colony for a mother country's profit |
| 4 - Latin America | Montezuma | leader of the Aztecs |
| 4 - Latin America | one crop economy | an area/country grows 1 crop to sell - dependent on that crop - if price is good, the area benefits, if price drops or crop production goes down, people face starvation |
| 4 - Latin America | Panama Canal | a strategic chokepoint vital to US trade - connects the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans |
| 4 - Latin America | peasant | a poor farmer |
| 4 - Latin America | plantation | a large piece of land, crops are grown with slave labor for a profit |
| 4 - Latin America | Porfirio Diaz | Mexican dictator [1900] - expanded & developed Mexico's economy at expense of peasants |
| 4 - Latin America | Simon Bolivar | Father of Latin American independence |
| 4 - Latin America | Spanish "crown" | another term for the Spanish king/monarch/ruler |
| 4 - Latin America | Toussaint L'Overture | leader of independence movement in Haiti, one of few "just" Latin American rulers/leaders after independence from a European power, a former slave |
| 4 - Latin America | Treaty of Tordesillas | another name for the Line of Demarcation |
| 4 - Latin America | viceroy | Spanish rulers in Latin America |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Amazon River | widest river in the world, provides inland transportation route, across Brazil to Peru |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Andes Mountains | natural barrier in South America, "backbone" of continent, loaded with mineral resources, promote cultural diversity |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | cultural diffusion | a sharing or exchange of ideas between cultures |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | cultural diversity | many different cultures in 1 area |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | debt | owing money |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | deforestation | cutting down trees, hurts world's oxygen supply |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | diverse | many different varieties |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | ethnocentrism | judging others by the standards of your own culture |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | genocide | deliberately killing a group of people |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | gentry | upper class: wealthy landowners |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | global warming | heating up of the earth's atmosphere due to pollution |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | hinder | to slow down |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Liberation Theology | Roman Catholic priests getting involved in Latin American politics, speaking out for the needs (social & political) of the local people |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | machismo | strong male attitude, doing things which are "man"ly, not feminine |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | migration | to move to |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | racism | the deliberate elimination of a group of people |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | regionalism | like "tribalism", loyalty to an area or region, INSTEAD of the nation/country |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Roman Catholicism | the major religion practiced in Latin America |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | stratified | layered, tight structure, often little movement between layers/groups |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | urbanization | to move from the countryside to the city for better jobs & a better way of life |
| VOCABULARY: Early Africa, World Exploration, Latin America, and Individuals | ||
| Category | Term | Definition |
| 1 - Early Africa | "Dark Continent" | how Europeans referred to Africa before 1900 because they didn't know much about it |
| 1 - Early Africa | Ancient Egypt | one of the first great civilizations - circa 3000 BCE - 1000 BCE |
| 1 - Early Africa | Axum / Aksum | an African civilization [100 BCE - 600 AD] site of trade between Africa and Asia: India |
| 1 - Early Africa | Benin | African "forest" kingdom [1000 AD - 1500 AD] noted for woodcarvings & metal work - sculptures |
| 1 - Early Africa | Ghana | an early west African civilization - [400 AD - 1100 AD] - site of gold & salt trade |
| 1 - Early Africa | Great Rift Valley | a canyon [a series of small mountains] running down the east side of the African continent - anthropologists say its where mankind first began |
| 1 - Early Africa | Great Zimbabwe | southern African civilization - [1000 AD - 1500 AD] - truly African civilization - stone buildings |
| 1 - Early Africa | Islam | a major religion in the northern part of the African continent |
| 1 - Early Africa | Kush | an African civilization [1700 BCE - 1000 BCE] - located south of Egypt - rule by female monarchs |
| 1 - Early Africa | Mali | an early west African civilization - [1000 AD - 1400 AD] - center of trade: gold & salt, Islamic center of learning |
| 1 - Early Africa | Mansa Musa | king of Mali Empire - 1300s made a pilgrimage to Mecca - crossed the Sahara Desert in the process |
| 1 - Early Africa | matrilineal | when rule comes from the female side of the family |
| 1 - Early Africa | nomadic | people who move from place to place |
| 1 - Early Africa | Songhai | a north-central African civilization - [1400 AD - 1600 AD] - standardized weights & measures - Islamic legal system |
| 1 - Early Africa | Timbuktu | capital of Mali Empire: center of trade & Islamic learning |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | desertification | when the desert expands using up valuable farm land |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | extended family | mom, dad, kids, grandparents, relatives, etc. |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | Great Rift Valley | a canyon [a series of small mountains] running down the east side of the African continent - anthropologists say its where mankind first began |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | matriarchal | when the mother rules the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | matrilineal | when everything is passed down through the female side of the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | modern | up-to-date, constantly changing |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | nationalism | being loyal to your country/nation first |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | Nile River | longest river in the world, "source of life" |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | nuclear family | mom, dad & kids |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | patriarchal | when the father rules the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | patrilineal | when everything is passed down through the male side of the family |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | polyrhythmic | multiple rhthyms going through one piece of music, sometimes as many as 5 |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | rural | out in the country, the Town of Montgomery or Pine Bush |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | Sahara Desert | acts as a "natural barrier" - increases "cultural diversity" |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | savanna | grassland |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | traditional | doing things the way they've always been done, slow change |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | tribalism | when a person is loyal to his/her tribe, rather than his/her nation |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | tropical rainforest | hot, humid, dense vegetation [a lot of trees, vines, bushes] |
| 2 - Africa: Geography | urban | the city, New York City, the City of Newburgh |
| 2 - Explorers | Bartholomeu Diaz | late 1400s - 1st European to reach tip of southern Africa |
| 2 - Explorers | Christopher Columbus | European Explorer: "discovered" Western Hemisphere for Spain in 1492 |
| 2 - Explorers | Vasco da Gama | late 1400s - 1st European to reach India by water route [from Atlantic to Indian Ocean] |
| 2 - Explorers | Vikings | explored areas west of Europe: Iceland, Greenland, & North America: Maine |
| 3 - Explorers | Balboa | 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean - went from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans by cutting through 45 miles of jungle in 24 days |
| 3 - Explorers | Ferdinand Magellan | 1st person to prove the world was actually ROUND - sailed around it in a round-a-bout way |
| 3 - Latin America | Aztecs | civilization located in Mexico [1300 AD - 1500 AD] - began as agricultural - turned to war - ritual sacrifices - noted for capital built on islands connected by bridges |
| 3 - Latin America | Incas | civilization located in South America: Andes Mountains [Peru & Bolivia] - built roads, bridges, tunnels, terrace farming, self-sufficient agriculture |
| 3 - Latin America | land-bridge | Siberia [Russia] across Bering Sea/Strait to Alaska - how early man entered the Western Hemisphere |
| 3 - Latin America | Mayas | civilization located on Yucatan Peninsula in southern Mexico - [300 AD - 900 AD] - noted for pyramid like structures of worship & writing system |
| 3 - Latin America | Olmec | one of the earliest American civilizations [1200 BCE]- located in central Mexico on the Gulf of Mexico - agricultural |
| 3 - Latin America | terrace-farming | farming on sides of mountains by carving out flat steps in them |
| 4 - Latin America | Atlantic Slave Trade | native Africans brought to the Western Hemisphere against their will to work on plantations & in mines |
| 4 - Latin America | cash-crop | growing 1 crop to sell & make money off of it |
| 4 - Latin America | caudillo | dictator in Latin America |
| 4 - Latin America | Cinco de Mayo | Mexican holiday [May 5th] - marks Mexico's victory over France |
| 4 - Latin America | colonize | to take over a piece of land & rule it |
| 4 - Latin America | colony | an area controlled & ruled by another country - usually for profit |
| 4 - Latin America | conquest | to take over |
| 4 - Latin America | conquistadore | a Spanish warrior |
| 4 - Latin America | Creoles | Spanish people who born in Latin America |
| 4 - Latin America | despot | dictator |
| 4 - Latin America | economics | making a living |
| 4 - Latin America | encomienda | a large Latin American plantation |
| 4 - Latin America | Father Miguel Hidalgo | Father of Mexican independence movement |
| 4 - Latin America | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish person who conquered the Incas in early 1500s |
| 4 - Latin America | gaucho | a cowboy in Argentina |
| 4 - Latin America | Gran Colombia | Simon Bolivar's idea for a "United States of South America" |
| 4 - Latin America | Grito de Dolores | "Ringing of the Bells", what Father Miguel Hidalgo did - it marked the beginning of the Mexican independence movement |
| 4 - Latin America | Hernando Cortez | Spanish person who conquered the Aztecs in early 1500s |
| 4 - Latin America | imperialism | taking over another country/area for your own benefit/gain |
| 4 - Latin America | inhabit | to live |
| 4 - Latin America | Jose de San Martin | leader of southern, South American independence movement |
| 4 - Latin America | Latin America | all land from Mexico & Cuba - south to Chile & Argentina [southern part of North America & all of South America] - largely Spanish speaking & Roman Catholic |
| 4 - Latin America | Line of Demarcation | a line on a map - drawn by the Pope - stated all land to the west of it was for Spain, all land to the east was for Portugal |
| 4 - Latin America | mercantilism | economic imperialism: using a colony for a mother country's profit |
| 4 - Latin America | Montezuma | leader of the Aztecs |
| 4 - Latin America | one crop economy | an area/country grows 1 crop to sell - dependent on that crop - if price is good, the area benefits, if price drops or crop production goes down, people face starvation |
| 4 - Latin America | Panama Canal | a strategic chokepoint vital to US trade - connects the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans |
| 4 - Latin America | peasant | a poor farmer |
| 4 - Latin America | plantation | a large piece of land, crops are grown with slave labor for a profit |
| 4 - Latin America | Porfirio Diaz | Mexican dictator [1900] - expanded & developed Mexico's economy at expense of peasants |
| 4 - Latin America | Simon Bolivar | Father of Latin American independence |
| 4 - Latin America | Spanish "crown" | another term for the Spanish king/monarch/ruler |
| 4 - Latin America | Toussaint L'Overture | leader of independence movement in Haiti, one of few "just" Latin American rulers/leaders after independence from a European power, a former slave |
| 4 - Latin America | Treaty of Tordesillas | another name for the Line of Demarcation |
| 4 - Latin America | viceroy | Spanish rulers in Latin America |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Amazon River | widest river in the world, provides inland transportation route, across Brazil to Peru |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Andes Mountains | natural barrier in South America, "backbone" of continent, loaded with mineral resources, promote cultural diversity |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | cultural diffusion | a sharing or exchange of ideas between cultures |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | cultural diversity | many different cultures in 1 area |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | debt | owing money |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | deforestation | cutting down trees, hurts world's oxygen supply |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | diverse | many different varieties |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | ethnocentrism | judging others by the standards of your own culture |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | genocide | deliberately killing a group of people |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | gentry | upper class: wealthy landowners |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | global warming | heating up of the earth's atmosphere due to pollution |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | hinder | to slow down |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Liberation Theology | Roman Catholic priests getting involved in Latin American politics, speaking out for the needs (social & political) of the local people |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | machismo | strong male attitude, doing things which are "man"ly, not feminine |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | migration | to move to |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | racism | the deliberate elimination of a group of people |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | regionalism | like "tribalism", loyalty to an area or region, INSTEAD of the nation/country |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | Roman Catholicism | the major religion practiced in Latin America |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | stratified | layered, tight structure, often little movement between layers/groups |
| 5- Latin America: Geography | urbanization | to move from the countryside to the city for better jobs & a better way of life |