Common Recreational Sports Injuries
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Abdominal injuries:
Discription:
Blunt
abdominal trauma, Hernia, Penetrating abdominal trauma, Evisceration, Ruptured
spleen.
Any traumatic
injury to the abdomen. Abdominal injuries make up less than 10% of all
sports injuries. However, when an athlete sustains an abdominal injury,
it can be life threatening and will take longer to heal. The reason is
because vital organs are involved, and can cause internal bleeding and
shock.
Signs
and Symptoms:
Blunt
trauma: Occur as a result of direct trauma to the organ. A force is generally
impacted to any aspect of the organ and that force is absorbed directly
by the impacted aspect. These types of injuries are more common than the
other two, yet just as serious. They may result in stellate parenchymal
fractures or disruptions, hilar hemmorhage, or even hilar lacerations between
respective arterovenous bodies.
-
History of
the incident
-
Pale, cool,
clammy skin
-
Rapid, weak
pulse
-
Rapid, shallow
breathing
-
Abdominal
rigidity
-
'Guarding'
of abdomen — foetal position if lying
-
May be incontinent
Hernia: Occur
as a protrusion of the abdominal viscera through the abdominal wall. They
can be congenitalor acquired. In athletics, most occur in the groin area.
In men, they are called inguinal hernias and in women,femoral hernias.
-
Previous
history of a blow or strain to the groin area that produces pain and prolonged
discomfort
-
Superficial
protrusion in the groin area that is increased by coughing
-
A reported
feeling of weakness and pulling sensation in the groin area
Penetrating
trauma: Occur as the abdomen is impaled by a blunt or sharp object. This
results in direct trauma to the organ and its parenchymal tissue. Vascular
laceration will occur in this type of injury and may lead to tissue necrosis.
-
History of
the incident
-
May be evidence
of wound
-
Pale, cool,
clammy skin
-
Rapid, weak
pulse
-
Rapid, shallow
breathing
-
Abdominal
rigidity
-
'Guarding'
of abdomen — fetal position if lying
-
May be incontinent
Evisceration:
Is the protrusion of abdominal organs from a wound in the abdomen. Care
must be taken not to apply material to the wound that will stick to the
membranes. It should be noted that often there is little pain associated
with this type of injury, and the casualty may walk around or offer to
help.
-
Obvious protrusion
of organs
-
Pale, cool,
clammy skin
-
Rapid, weak
pulse
-
Rapid, shallow
breathing
-
May be fecal
odour if organs have been lacerated
-
Anxiety
-
Nausea
Ruptured
spleen: The rupture of the spleen may even result in death. This is important
because the spleen is the most commonly injured organ in the abdomen (30%
of all abdominal injuries present as isolated spleen injuries).
-
Increased
pulse
-
Decreased
BP
-
Persistent
dull pain LUQ
-
LUQ rigidity
-
Nausea
-
Shock
-
Kehr’s sign
(pain radiating to left shoulder)
-
Balance’s
sign (fixed dullness in the left flank)
-
Seagesser’s
sign (pain in neck produced with compression of the phrenic nerve over
the spleen)
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Causes
and Anatomy involved
Prevention
Treatment
Rehabilitation
/ Exercise
Abrasions:
Discription:
Road
rash, Strawberry.
A minor
injury in which the skin is scraped or grazed hard enough to cause bleeding.
It can be serious if it covers a large area or if foreign materials become
imbedded in it. Can be caused from: Falling on a hard, rough or jagged
surface. Rough fabric, seams in clothing, ill-fitting shoes, or other parts
of athletic equipment such as helmets and shoulder pads that constantly
irritate the skin.
Signs
and Symptoms:
-
Skin that
looks scraped or irritated.
-
Bleeding
at the abrasion site.
-
Immediate
pain that lasts a short time.
-
Crusting
over of the abraded area in 3 to 5 days.
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Causes
and Anatomy involved
Prevention
Treatment
Rehabilitation
/ Exercise
Altitude sickness:
Discription:
Acute
Mountain Sickness, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), High Altitude
Cerebral Edema (HACE), Thrombophlebitis.
High altitude
illness results from a lack of oxygen in the body. Anyone who ascends to
altitude will become hypoxic (the condition of having insufficient oxygen
in the blood). Most people who become ill do so within the first few days
of ascending to altitude.
Signs
and Symptoms:
Acute
Mountain Sickness: a term applied to a group of symptoms. It is more apt
to occur in unacclimatized people who make rapid ascents to above 8,000
feet. It also occurs in people who partially acclimatize then make an abrupt
ascent to a higher altitude.
-
Headache
-
Malaise
-
Loss of appetite
-
Nausea, vomiting
-
Peripheral
edema
-
Disturbed
sleep
-
Cyanosis
High Altitude
Pulmonary Edema: abnormal fluid accumulation in the lungs resulting from
maladaptation to altitude. The cause in not clearly understood. HAPE rarely
occurs below 8,000 feet and is most common in young males.
-
Shortness
of breath on exertion, progressing to shortness of breath in general.
-
Fatigue
-
Dry cough
progressing to a wet, productive cough
-
Increased
heart rate and respiratory rate
-
Rales, sounds
of fluid in the lungs
-
Ataxia
High Altitude
Celebral Edema: swelling of the brain thought to be caused by hypoxia-damage
to brain tissue. HACE generally occurs above 12,000 feet but has been recorded
at 10,000 feet in the Wind Rivers.
-
Changes in
level of consciousness
-
Ataxia
-
Severe lassitude
-
Headache
-
Nausea and
vomiting
-
Vision disturbances
-
Paralysis
-
Seizures
-
Hallucinations
-
Cyanosis
Thrombophlebitis:
there is an increased tendency for blood to thrombose (clot) in arteries
and veins at high altitudes. Dehydration, increased red blood cells, cold
constrictive clothing and immobility during bad weather have been cited
as possible causes.
Clots
most commonly occur in the deep veins of the calf. The calf is swollen
and painful. The lower leg may be pale or cyanotic with decreased pulses
in the foot. Flexing the foot upward or walking increases calf pain. If
the clot breaks lose, it can travel to the lungs and cause a pulmonary
embolism.
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Causes
and Anatomy involved
Prevention
Treatment
Rehabilitation
/ Exercise
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