04/13/08

Gravity and the Structure of Space-Energy

And

A New Gravity Equation

The key to understanding gravity is to grasp the intimate connection between the incredibly small particles that make up the Universe and their space-energy distribution over the entirety of observable space. The Universe consists of just space and energy, nothing more. When we say space we really mean space-time since we experience changes as events in the distribution of space-energy. We define time as series of events. Energy is in the form of particles (protons, electrons, and photons) and space-energy which is distributed throughout space as a continuum of energy. The protons and electrons are sub-atomic concentrations of energy, and exist as discrete amounts of energy packed into a tiny volume of space. The proton and electron are minute dots of concentrated energy in a vast sea of space-energy. Photons (light waves) also are energy, but are unique in that they travel at the speed of light and exhibit large spatial effects. The Universe consists primarily of space-energy, proton energy, electron energy, and photon energy. The proton, electron, and photon are condensations of space energy. A small portion of space energy is condensed in each particle. The seemingly infinite variety of matter, found in the Universe, is constructed from these four forms of energy.

The proton and electron are the building blocks of matter. Each substance is a complex configuration of electrons and protons representing legions of different configurations of energy (atomic states of energy). It is not necessary to delve into this complexity or to further split the particles to understand gravity. Quarks and force-exchange particles are the tools of the particle physicist and can only obscure our path to gravity.      

Space-energy is nearly uniformly distributed in space. This uniformity cloaks its existence, because only variations in space-energy play an active or observable role. It is sort of like a skater on a frozen lake. It doesn't matter whether the ice is 3 inches thick or 300 feet thick, as long as the surface is smooth and level. Skating is only possible if the skate will slightly depress the surface. The little depression beneath the well-sharpened skate gives the skater control. It is the small variations in the smoothness of the ice that are important and measurable. So it is with space-energy. Only its variations result in real forces. The amount of space energy is not important to the force of gravity, but its variations are everything. 

Variation in space-energy is the source of gravity.

 It is variation of space-energy that manifests itself as force, the gravity force. And astronomers who have scaled the Universe have given us the necessary concepts to derive its basic structure and take its measure.

 Thanks to Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Einstein, and many others, we now have the tools we need to break the gravity code. What ideas have they put in our tool kit? Briefly:

·        Energy is always conserved.

·        Mass is energy.

·        Force is a gradient of energy.

·        The gravity force decreases with distance r, as 1/r² and the gravity energy decreases as 1/r.

·        The energy density of the Universe is uniformly distributed.

·        The Universe is finite, but unbounded.

 Using these ideas as our guide, we develop a model for the formation of a particle from space-energy and use mathematical logic to see where it leads us.

Each particle is a condensation of space-energy. The amount of space-energy condensed to a particle is exactly equal to the particle mass-energy. The gravity potential, discovered by Newton tells us what the energy profile is. We mathematically add all the space-energy used for any particle everywhere in the observable Universe and equate it to the particle's mass-energy. Since space is finite, the sum of energies is finite, giving us the exact energy profile at any point in space. This method of reasoning gives us what we seek, the true energy profile of the space-energy for each particle. The energy profile, which is the change of space-energy with distance, is the gravity force.

Albert Einstein, in a lecture at the University of Leyden in 1920, gave us the root of this idea. 

"Since according to our present conceptions the elementary particles of matter are also, in their essence, nothing else than condensations of the electromagnetic field, our present view of the Universe presents two realities which are completely separated from each other conceptually, although connected causally, namely, gravitational ether and electromagnetic field, or - as they might also be called - space and matter."   

The root idea in this statement is the connection between the gravity force and a field, except we replace field with a change of space-energy with distance. By describing field in terms of energy, we remove all the encumbrances of having to deal with field theory. 

Now, Einstein's statement would read:

 Since, elementary particles of matter are, in their essence, nothing else than condensations of space energy our present view of the Universe presents two realities which are completely separated from each other conceptually, although connected causally, or - as they might also be called - space energy and matter energy.

 Astronomers have found that, taken on a large scale, the matter of the Universe is uniform. This means that the energy density used to form all matter is also uniform. This fact enables us to express the gravity force in terms of the size of the Universe and all the matter that is in it. This is a descriptive model of gravity. Please read Gravity Decoded to see my development of the mathematical model.

Protons and electrons were formed from the energy of space shortly after the beginning of the Universe. And since energy must be conserved, the energy packed in a proton or electron left a depletion of space energy, exactly equal to the energy of the particle. Energy is conserved. Each proton and electron have a complimentary depletion of space energy. As the Universe expanded, each depletion stretched out to extend across the dimensions of the observable Universe.

Gravity is a property of this space-energy depletion, and the way it works is quite simple. The space-energy that surrounds each bit or body of matter increases with distance from the body, and the rate of increase with distance at any point is the gravitational force at that point..  Gravity is not mysterious action-at-a-distance. And it is not the bending of space-time geometry, caused in some mysterious way by matter. It is not a mystery. It is the variation of space-energy ¾ demanded by conservation-of-energy ¾ which sets up the conditions for gravity to exist. Gravity is simply the response of matter, which is condensed energy, to any space-energy variation. We need to generate the mathematical structure of the space-energy depletions to fully understand gravity.

Visual Models:Try this mental picture to get a better idea of what is going on. Consider energy to be uniformly spread throughout the observable Universe, as if it were some kind of special gas. A particle of matter comes into being when a portion of this energy-gas is condensed into an extremely small volume. This particle of matter is a small amount of space-energy gas packed into a tiny bit of space-time. The remaining space-energy gas density far from the particle is disturbed very little. As we approach the particle from a distance the space- energy gas density decreases. This rate of decrease of space-energy can be written as the gradient of energy, which is the change in energy density per unit of distance.

Or try this picture. Pretend that geometrical space is in two dimensions, like the flat surface of a level desert. The spatial dimensions seems to include sand, but the sand grains are bits of energy extending for as far as the eye can see in all horizontal directions. The vertical dimension is energy represented by the sand. Locate a point on this surface. Now dig up the sand in the following way. Scrape off a little sand as a circular ditch about the said point when far away, and stack it at the point. The pile of sand-energy (the particle) is stable. As you move closer, dig deeper, such that you dig a depth that goes as the inverse distance ¾ when you are half the distance you started from, you dig twice as deep. As you approach the marked point your pit is quite deep and the pile of sand/energy at the center point is very high. No sand-energy is lost. You have made a sand-energy pile, and a sand-energy hole associated with that one pile. Gravity is the steepness of the remaining sand-energy in the hole surrounding the pile. Far away, the slope is shallow and gravity is correspondingly weak. Near the marked point, the pit wall is very steep meaning gravity is much stronger as shown in the first figure. Where the pit meets the pile, there is a smooth transition of energy from the pit to the pile. The pile represents the particle's mass-energy, which is confined to a miniscule portion of space. The steepness of the energy pile is extreme and represents the very strong forces of the nucleus of atoms. But the pit spreads to the edge of space giving a very gradual change of energy and the weak force we call gravity.

The gradient in the space-energy, associated with each particle, is the source of gravity. The very formation of matter-energy from space-energy has given us our gravitational force. The formation of matter is the formation of gravity.

Your body is composed of equal numbers of electrons and protons, each of which has its own depletion of space-energy. These depletions combine, so that your body as a whole has a space depletion of energy.  Earth is composed of equal numbers of protons and electrons, which taken collectively has a huge depletion of space-energy. Earth's depletion and your body's depletion compete for the available space-energy in the local Earth-person space, creating a mutual force of attraction we call gravity. Gravity is the interaction of depletions of space-energy associated with "rigid" bodies of matter. We call bodies rigid when the electric force holding their atoms together is very strong, as it is in rock and steel. The second figure shows the large body, Earth and the small body, you. The mass-energies of Earth and you are not shown to be easier to see the curvature of the combined space-energy surface.

From these simple ideas, we can create an equation for the gravity force (between any collections of matter) that has no arbitrary constants. Our new equation shows a dependence on the size of the Universe as well as the amount of energy it took to form all the matter in the Universe. We can do this because the energy of all the protons is the same, as with the electrons, and the Universe is finite. Since the energy comes from no farther than the size of the Universe, we can determine the shape and magnitude of the space-energy-depletion, with no hidden variables.

A simple adding up of the depleted energy (integrating the gradients of the space-energy surface) gives us the new gravity equation for the attractive force between any two bodies. We write it here as a product of three energy terms.

New gravity equation: