Psychology and Spirituality
Pastoral Ministries Program, Santa Clara University
(last taught Winter 2002)

Lecture 7: Prayer and Personality

  1. Housekeeping:
    1. Reflection papers due
    2. Handouts for next week: Emerson on "Suffering" and Schwarz on "Evil"
    3. Examples of previous final presentation/papers
  2. Primary Speech:
    1. What has struck you, provoked questions, touched you about what we have read?
    2. How does this model of prayer fit with what we have examined previously?
      1. Erikson, Fowler?
    3. How does this model of prayer fit with what we see/experience in the Church?
  3. Personality Type in Congregations (Baab, 1998) Eight Basic Patterns (four functions (S,N,T,F) and two attitudes (E, I)):
    1. Extraverted Sensing:
      1. sensory experience of the world
      2. involves the body
      3. engages in service
    2. Introverted Sensing:
      1. quiet, reflective response to God
      2. using the five senses in the mind
      3. return to a favorite sacred space
      4. grateful for heritage and tradition
      5. structured prayer
      6. entering Bible stories, meet Jesus face to face
    3. Extraverted Intuition
      1. vision, inspiration, ingenuity to further God's Reign
      2. pray about God breaking into our world with power
      3. open to impressions, hunches, inspiration, flashes of insight, bursts of creativity, imaginative leaps
      4. value freedom and autonomy
      5. healing prayer- envisioning wholenes
      6. perceiving possibilities and dreams on a grand scale
    4. Introverted Intution
      1. "butterfly prayer"- tangled garden, beach walk
      2. symbols and metaphors of faith
      3. free association ending in insight
      4. pray about the present in light of the future
      5. not scheduled or planned
      6. often considered "true prayer"- mystical and contemplative, but is only one among many
    5. Extraverted Thinking
      1. analysis and decision making based on logic
      2. goal-oriented
      3. God meets us with demands on our life
      4. studying God's truth and applying it
      5. prayer for justice in the world
      6. writing prayers
      7. analysis and structure to apply God's word
    6. Introverted Thinking
      1. truth and all its subtleties and nuances
      2. mediate on Scripture and explore meaning of words and concepts; purpose and application
      3. lots of questions
      4. face to face with God through honest questions
      5. Examples: Job & Romans
      6. deeply concerned with truth and justice
    7. Extraverted Feeling
      1. connecting with people in support, encouragement, compassion, warmth, loyalty and faithfulness
      2. praying with and for people
      3. showing kindness in deed as well as word
      4. prayer in groups or pairs
      5. healing prayer- compassion for sufferer
      6. connect with God in heartfelt, emotive way
      7. Bible's relational images
    8. Introverted Feeling
      1. deeply held values
      2. peace, justice, love, compassion, wholeness, goodness
      3. bring to God people in need
      4. silence and listening
      5. silence of God can be upsetting
      6. meditating on scripture to personalize it
      7. writing letter-prayers
      8. retreats
      9. deeply personal connection to God and desire for God's Reign on earth.
  4. Prayer and Personality Type (Michael, C. P., & Norrisey, M. C., 1984)
    1. Benedictine Prayer: Lectio Divina
      1. Lectio (reading): Sensing
      2. Meditatio (reflection): Thinking
      3. Oratio (prayer): Feeling
      4. Contemplatio (contemplation): Intuition
    2. What was your experience in trying the prayer form suggestions on the handouts?
    3. Types and Temperaments: what's the difference?
      1. Meyers-Briggs is based on functions (Jung's theory); Keirsey-Bates is based on temperaments
        1. Functions involve the whole operation of the personality, inner and outer. Helpful for understanding one's self
        2. Temperaments have to do with external behavior (Keirsey observed behavior and correlated with the ancient temperaments; useful for understanding others
    4. Keirsey's four temperaments : NF, NT, SJ, SP
  5. Temperament and Prayer Styles:
    1. Ignatian Prayer: SJ
      1. Organized plan of relating to God
      2. Sensate- relive Bible stories imaginatively
      3. Commemoration and Projection
      4. Sequence (Ignatius):
        1. choice of topic
        2. preparatory prayer
        3. composition of place
        4. petition for special grace needed
        5. see and reflect
        6. listen and reflect
        7. consider and reflect
        8. draw some practical fruit
        9. colloquy with God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Blessed Mother
        10. close with the Our Father
      5. NOTE: strong P's find the structure maddening!
      6. EXAMPLE: PRAYER SUGGESTION #6: (Mark 9:14-29) Read the story. Imagine yourself as the father of the possessed boy and apply the conversation between Jesus and the father to your own situation Instead of an afflicted son, imagine the affliction is some fault of yours which has resisted cure. Bring this affliction to Jesus and ask him to cure it. (P. 54)
    2. Augustinian Prayer: NF
      1. Transposition: bringing the scripture into the present day
      2. Words of the Bible read as if addressed to us
      3. Search for meaning-- future possibilities
      4. Needs more time-- openness to imagination
      5. Dialogue with God and self to establish relationship
      6. EXAMPLE: PRAYER SUGGESTION #11: (Matthew 7:1-5) Imagine Jesus speaking these words to you today. How far do they apply? What is he asking of you'? What changes is he asking you to make in your life? (p. 66)
    3. Franciscan Prayer: SP
      1. Freedom and spontaneity; flexible, making use of senses
      2. Celebration: informal
      3. Short-range projects-- work with hands
      4. Least need for time for formal prayer
      5. Creative work-- art, music, crafts
      6. EXAMPLE: PRAYER SUGGESTION #10: Plan an act of charity for someone in need; then endeavor to carry it out, either alone or with the help of others. (P. 77)
    4. Thomistic Prayer: NT
      1. Scholastic- orderly thought
      2. Study and reflection
      3. Neat and orderly forms
      4. Based in pursuit of values: truth, beauty, goodness, etc.
      5. Considering a theme (e.g. "Faith") from various aspects: What? Why? How? Who? Where? With what helps?
      6. Not just analysis, but relationship; need to use all four steps of Lectio Divina
      7. This form now devalued; perhaps in reaction to the fact that it was taught as the only form of prayer for centuries
      8. Danger-- can become another impersonal research project
      9. EXAMPLE: PRAYER SUGGESTION #10: (Matthew 13:44-46) "The Kingdom of God is like a treasure hidden in a field, which a man finds and rejoicing goes and sells all he has in order to buy the field." Where have you discovered the hidden treasure of the Kingdom of God? Are you willing to sell everything in order to possess it? Have you disposed of everything else in order to obtain it? Do you sufficient1y appreciate the hidden treasure of God's Kingdom? What do you need to do to appreciate better this "hidden treasure," "this pearl of great price"?
  6. Personality Type and the Bible: Francis: Personality Type and Scripture: Exploring Mark's Gospel (1997)
    1. Lectionary reading this week: Matthew 17:1-9 (The Transfiguration)= parallel text in Mark 9:2-9 (pp. 95-98)
      1. Sensing- climb the mountain, look at what is there, listen to Jesus
      2. Intuition- consider when you have experienced heaven "breaking through" into daily life
      3. Feeling- what does it feel like to be singled out of all the disciples- in the past; today; in the future?
      4. Thinking- why does Mark describe the scene in this particular way? What is the meaning of his story?
  7. Liturgical Prayer
    1. Community-- Feeling
    2. Liturgy of the Word-- Thinking
    3. Environment/Cross-- Sensing
    4. Eucharistic Meal-- Intuitive
  8. Bruce Duncan (Pray Your Way) notes that people have their preferred pattern of prayer, but will probably encounter God most intensely in our tertiary or inferior function. Need to provide a variety of prayer opportunities, not just for those who like them, but for all (Baab 1998)
    1. Variety in congregational life:
      1. Make the worship space beautiful (ES)
      2. Enable people to remember God's faithfulness (IS)
      3. Allow personal stories in worship or elsewhere (EF, IS)
      4. Create settings for contemplative prayer:
        1. meditate on God's work in our lives (IS)
        2. symbols and metaphors of faith (IN)
        3. God's law and truth (IT)
        4. God's love and peace (IF)
      5. Create settings where people can wrestle with scripture (IT)
      6. Create settings where people can pray for the congregation and its ministries
        1. Concern for vision and purpose (EN)
        2. praying for specific plans and program (ET)
      7. Use a prayer chain or prayer meetings where people's needs can be prayed for (EF)
  9. See further suggestions in Keating, Who We Are is How We Pray
    1. Prayer Within- Introvert
    2. Open Prayer- Extravert
    3. Prayer of Hope- Intuitive
    4. Practical Prayer- Sensing
    5. Feeling Prayer- Feeling
    6. Prayer of Reason- Thinking
    7. Orderly Prayer- Judging
    8. Lived Prayer- Perceiving
  10. Thomas Clarke, SJ : (1988). "Jungian Types and Forms of Prayer"
    1. Sensing
      1. Vocal prayer (psalms/ rosary)
      2. "Prayer of simple regard"-- being here
      3. Prayerful application of senses
      4. Interior sense-- attend to inward world
        1. Group:
          1. litany or the daily Office
          2. incense service
          3. simplicity/ quiet awareness
        2. Liturgy: needs to touch all four dimensions
    2. Intuiting: "the prayer of the vacant stare"
      1. Centering prayer
      2. Ignatian contemplation (also feeling elements)
      3. Fantasy and imagination in prayer
      4. Progoff's journal technique (Progoff, 1975).
      5. Using symbols
      6. "What if?" explore possibilities of God's call
        1. Group:
          1. bringing symbolic emblems
          2. choosing scripture and sharing without comment
        2. Liturgy:
          1. looking "beyond" (eschatological dimension) "unfocused contemplative expectation of future blessing"
    3. Feeling
      1. Affective dialogue with God, Mary, saints
      2. Aspirations-- the Jesus prayer
      3. A walk down "memory lane"-- giving thanks
      4. Favorite hymns or songs
        1. Group:
          1. story-telling/ spontaneous prayer
          2. Spiritual Direction
        2. Liturgy: can it really happen in a large group? Do we expect the liturgy to bear too much?
          1. charismatics
    4. Thinking
      1. Ignatius' "First Principle and Foundation" examine and reflect on our life, make resolutions
      2. Set out personal charter or set of living principles
      3. Plan of life- schedule of reading, prayer
      4. Systematic Bible study
        1. Group
          1. the daily Office
        2. Liturgy: structure and ritual in the Mass (comment: Tridentine Mass over-emphasized thinking dimension)
    5. Prayer as balance: leisure activity; can be a way of exercising our less developed functions.
  11. Reflecting on Psalm 139 in the light of Primary Speech.
  12. Next week: chapter on suffering, etc.


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