Any alloy, or mixture, of copper and tin is called bronze. Many bronze alloys also contain small amounts of other materials. Bronze was one of the first alloys developed by ancient metal workers. It has valuable uses in making not only tools and machinery, but also works of art.

The simplest bronze is copper mixed with small amounts of tin. Tin increases hardness, making bronze more resistant to wear than is copper. Bronzes with 10 percent or more tin are harder, stronger, and more resistant to corrosion than brass, which is a copper and zinc alloy. They have been used for bearings, electrical hardware, springs, and clips.

Bell bronze is very hard and provides a special tone to bells that no other alloy can match. It is one fifth to one fourth tin. Nickel bronze, which adds nickel to the alloy, is hard and resistant to wear. It is used to make gears and machinery bearings.

Phosphor bronze contains a small amount of phosphorus. Phosphorus further increases the hardness and wear resistance of bronze. In addition, it allows molten bronze to flow better, which enhances its casting quality. Leaded bronze has lead, usually small amounts, mixed in to act as a lubricant. Such bronze is often used to make machine parts, such as bearings, that must endure a lot of sliding action against other parts.

Silicon bronze has small amounts of silicon, which makes it grow stronger when it is worked, such as by rolling. It is also particularly resistant to corrosion and is used in boilers, pumps, water wheels, parts for ships, and electrical parts. Some alloys of copper without tin are also called bronzes. For example, there are copper-aluminum alloys called aluminum bronze. This alloy may also include iron, nickel, and silicon to add greater strength. Aluminum bronze is used to make tools and, because it will not spark when struck, many things that will be used around flammable materials. Aluminum bronze is also used for aircraft and automobile engine parts. Manganese bronze is actually a brass that contains manganese. It is often used to make ship propellors because it is strong and resists corrosion by sea water.

History

The earliest bronze was probably made by accident. Some copper ore deposits also naturally contain small amounts of tin. When such ore is refined, the metal looks like copper but is harder and more useful for making tools, weapons, and artwork. Early metal workers appreciated this improved "copper" and later learned to mix copper and tin, sometimes with other metals, in different proportions to obtain various desirable alloys.

Bronze Age Weapons: The two swords, bottom, were cast with long blades for slashing. The upper sword is from France. The Danish sword below it has been cleaned to show its original color.

Bronze civilizations
The Bronze Age, following the Copper and Stone Ages, was so-called because of the far-reaching effects the developing copper-bronze metallurgy had on early societies. It occurred in Europe around 2200 to 700 BC. Bronze was used for weapons such as spearheads, swords, and knives. Later, iron replaced bronze in the manufacture of these weapons. Bronze is now widely used in making tools and machinery as well as in making coins.

The eariest know bronze tools were found near Ban Chiang, Thailand and indicate that bronze technology was known there as early as 4500 BC. This preceded the working of bronze in the Middle East by several hundred years. By 3000 BC bronze began to be used in Greece. In China the Bronze Age did not begin until 1800 BC. The pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas had no bronze technology until about AD 1000.

Working properties
Since ancient times, bronze has been the most popular metal for casting statues and other art objects. It is preferred because of the unique way in which molten bronze becomes a solid. After molten bronze is poured into a mold, it expands as it cools and fills every detail of the mold. When it solidifies and cools further, it shrinks slightly so the final piece of art does not stick to the mold. With time, the bronze takes on a range of colors caused by oxidation of the surface, an effect that is called a patina.

Information courtesy of:
Compton's Encyclopedia Online v3.0 © 1998 The Learning Company, Inc.
Microsoft Encarta® Encyclopedia 99. © 1993-1998