Part One: Identify the following questions (there will be twenty of these questions on the exam worth 2 points each).
 
1. This Mexican intellectual led the revolution against Porfirio Diaz, but was himself shot in a violent overthrow of his new government. Francisco I. Madero

2. From the United States, they published their attacks on the Mexican government. The Flores-Magón brothers

3. This was the name of the Flores-Magón publication. La Revolución

4. This Mexican revolutionary is commemorated in a corrido famoso about his car. Pancho Villa

5. This is the real name of Pancho Villa; as a fugitive, he originally changed it to conceal his identity. Doroteo Arango  

6. This radical revolutionary movement from Europe influenced many of the intellectual leaders of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Anarcho-syndicalism 

7. This Mexican revolutionary leader from the state of Morelos and his white stallion achieved mythical status. Emiliano Zapata

8. This young general and ally of Madero was limited by his sense of militarism. Álvaro Obregón

9. Representing Mexico’s middle class in the Revolution of 1910, he was the only leader who had a clear notion of state. Venustiano Carranza

10. As he said goodbye to revolutionary Mexico in May 1911, this dictator and former president declared, “they have set loose a tiger.” Porfirio Diáz 

11. Drafted by the Zapatistas, this document stipulated their revolutionary aims, most notably land reform and the confiscation of the assets of the Cientificos. Plan 
de Ayala

12. By killing Madero, this strongman seized control of the Mexican capital and touched off a bloody Revolution. Victoriano Huerta

13. Carranza authored this document which restored the Mexican Constitution of 1857. Plan de Guadalupe

14. In the supposed effort to “establish peace among the Mexican factions,” U.S. president Woodrow Wilson set up a blockade of the port of Veracruz and shelled the city in April 1914, in an event known as the Veracruz Incident   

15. U.S. president Woodrow Wilson dispatched this American general to Mexico in 1916, in an unsuccessful effort to apprehend Pancho Villa. John Joseph “Black Jack” Pershing

16. Pablo Gonzáles ambushed Emiliano Zapata at this place, killing him on April 10, 1919. Hacienda de Chinameca

17. This Mexican president refused to relinquish control of the government.  When he was finally forced to so, he moved to Santa Barbara, California. Plutarco Alias Calles

18. When Mexican President Calles instituted church reforms, Catholic militants, shouting “Viva Cristo Rey!” raged against the government in this three year rebellion beginning in 1926. Cristero Revolt

19. He was perhaps the greatest Mexican president; he is famous for nationalizing the nation’s oil and other mineral resources. Lazaro Cardenas

20. The artists Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco are known by this name. Los Tres Grandes/ The Big Three

21. This legislation ended slavery in Brazil in 1888. Lei Áurea/ Golden Law

22. This man led the overthrow of the “Republica Velha” (old republic) in Brazil in 1930. Getúlio Vargas 

23. This dynamic Brazilian president expanded the economy through foreign investments and relocated the nation’s capital to the modern inland city of Brazilia in the late 1950s. Juscelino Kubitschek

24. These Brazilian urban slums are notorious centers of poverty and crime. favelas

25. These Argentine cattle ranches spread throughout the pampas lands. estancias

26. Through his political “Doctrine,” this Argentine legal scholar and statesman issued a challenge to the Monroe Doctrine of the United States. Luis María Drago

27. This Argentine fascist leader dominated much of the nation’s politics in the 20th century. Juán Domingo Perón

28. This fiery orator and b-actress was responsible for gaining crucial labor support for her husband’s ascent to power in Argentina. Eva “Evita” Duarte de Perón   

29. The husband and wife Perón team formed this militant fascist organization in the late 1940s, and nullified the Constitution of 1853. Descamisados     

30. This six-week conflict between Great Britain and Argentina, over a South Atlantic archipelago, occurred in 1981. The Falklands War    

31. This Peruvian mestizo, named José Gabriel Condorcanqui led an Indian rebellion against the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru in 1780, renaming himself Tupac Amaru. 

32. The Argentine name for the Falkland Islands. Islas Malvinas

33. This agreement with Great Britain forbade the United States from building an isthmian canal. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

34. This quarrel almost led to war between the United States and Great Britain in 1895. Venezuela Boundary Dispute

35. This French engineer organized Panamanian insurrectionists in a revolt against Colombia. Philippe Jean Bunau-Varilla

36. This Panamanian caudillo was arrested by U.S. military authorities and taken to the United States to face drug trafficking charges in 1990. Colonel Manuel Antonio Norriega Moreno

37. In 1821, an independent Guatemala joined forces with its neighboring states to form this international corporate body. Central America Federation 

38. This American corporation built the Guatemalan infrastructure at the expense of indigenous rights and property. United Fruit Company

39. This landed aristocracy controlled the government and military of Guatemala through most of the twentieth century. Ladinos

40. This Salvadoran communist leader was executed in a failed insurrection in 1932. Augustín Farabundo Martí 

41. This is the name of the Salvadoran oligarchy. The Fourteen Families

42. This Catholic ideology promotes indigenous rights to self-determination. Liberation Theology

43. Forces of the Salvadoran elites assassinated this popular Catholic cleric in March 1980. Archbishop Oscar Romero 

44. This product is the primary export from El Salvador. coffee

45. U.S. expansionists instigated this three-month conflict which resulted in the “independence” of Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Spanish-American War (1898)

46. This Cuban intellectual, writer, and literary critic devoted his life to the ideals of Cuban independence. José Martí

47. This term refers to the United States’ method of using the military in conflict resolution in Latin America. gunboat diplomacy

48. This U.S. educated Cuban lawyer led a successful revolution against the corrupt Batista regime between 1956 and 1959. Fidel Castro

49. A communist adherent to Maoist ideologies, this Argentine M.D. co-led the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s. Ernesto “Ché” Guevarra

50. Originally formed by President Truman, this league was enhanced by President John F. Kennedy in an effort to isolate Cuba from all other nations in the Western Hemisphere. Organization of American States 

Part Two: In one short paragraph, fully identify and describe two of the following terms, especially highlighting the importance of each.  Your answers may be a series of abbreviated sentences or a list of relevant points, as long as the meaning is clear. (15 points each)

1. neocolonialism

2. indigenismo & intellectual productions re: 20th-century Latin American nationalism:

3. “liberation theology”

4. “gunboat diplomacy”:

5. Roosevelt Corollary and Platt Amendment:

Part Three: Write on one of the following essay topics, immediately following your last identification answer.  Be sure to use a standard essay format, by opening your composition with a concise thesis statement, arguments in support of that thesis, and a conclusion that restates your thesis and summarizes the main issues. (30 points)

1. From your reading of the books Child of the Dark and One Day of Life, compare and contrast the roles of peasant women in Brazil and El Salvador.  Think about the traditional and cultural expectations of peasant women in these two nations.  Suggested questions you might consider include the following: 

a) Did the life circumstances of the women portrayed in these books affect their ability to conform to such expectations?  
b) How did they conform and act outside of traditional cultural norms?  
c) Did they assume new roles?  
d) How did they act to effect change in their communities?  
e) Were there any differences between the way the different generations approached such societal values?

a) Campesinos/ peasantry
b) Military
c) Oligarchy
d) Church
i) Catholic
ii) U.S. Protestant

3. From the class discussions, the readings (the textbook and One Day of Life), and the CNN video segment “Latin America” (from its series The Cold War), what has been the role of the United States in Latin America after World War II and continuing through the 1990s?  How did efforts to “contain” the spread of communism by the U.S. affect the various governments of Latin American nations and the people of these countries?  What was the role of U.S. corporations in Central America?  What kinds of opposition were formed to U.S. corporate and national interests in Latin American nations (especially Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Cuba)?