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Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas (222 Species)

Generated with TSNL Ecological Database Version 1.0. 1996, 2000. Austin: Texas System of Natural Laboratories, Inc.

See also: Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas. Second Edition. (2000) by James R. Dixon

Texas County Lists: Brewster Cameron Travis

AMPHIBIANS: Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders) Amphiumidae (Amphiumas) Bufonidae (Toads) Hylidae (Treefrogs and Chorus Frogs) Leptodactylidae (Tropical Frogs) Microhylidae (Narrowmouth Toads) Pelobatidae (Spadefoot Toads) Plethodontidae (Lungless Salamanders) Proteidae (Waterdogs and Mudpuppies) Ranidae (True Frogs) Rhinophrynidae (Burrowing Toads) Salamandridae (Newts) Sirenidae (Sirens)

REPTILES: Anguidae (Glass and Alligator Lizards) Cheloniidae (Sea Turtles) Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles) Colubridae (Colubrids) Crocodilidae (Crocodilians) Dermochelyidae (Leatherbacks) Elapidae (Coral Snakes and Cobras) Emydidae (Box and Water Turtles) Gekkonidae (Geckos) Iguanidae (Iguanids) Kinosternidae (Musk and Mud Turtles) Leptotyphlopidae (Slender Blind Snakes) Scincidae (Skinks) Teiidae (Whiptails) Testudinidae (Tortoises) Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles) Viperidae (Vipers)

Bibliography on Notes

Bibliography on Distributions

Amphibia (Amphibians)

Sirenoidea, Caudata (Urodela) - Salamanders

1 Sirenidae (Sirens)

1 Siren intermedia Le Conte, 1827 lesser siren

2 Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 Rio Grande siren

Frost (1985, p. 618) comments that populations along the lower Rio Grand and in adjacent Mexico may represent a species different from Siren intermedia Le Conte.

Ambystomatoidea, Caudata (Urodela) - Salamanders

2 Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders)

3 Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) spotted salamander

4 Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) marbled salamander

5 Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) mole salamander

6 Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) smallmouth salamander

7 Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) tiger salamander

Ambystoma tigrinum (Green) has been introduced widely throughout the State (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 2; Dixon 1987, p. 59).

Salamandroidea, Caudata (Urodela) - Salamanders

3 Salamandridae (Newts)

8 Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) black-spotted newt

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 3) and Dixon (1987, p. 63) state that a Falls County record is erroneous and question Victoria and Duval County records.

9 Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) red-spotted newt

4 Amphiumidae (Amphiumas)

10 Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 three-toed amphiuma

Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier formerly was considered a subspecies of A. means Garden (Salthe 1973, p. 149.2).

5 Plethodontidae (Lungless Salamanders)

11 Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) southern dusky salamander

Desmongnathus auriculatus (Holbrook) has been confused with D. fuscus Rafinesque (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 3). Dixon (1987, p. 60) questions McLennan and Dallas County records.

12 Eurycea latitans Smith & Potter, 1946 Cascade Caverns salamander

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 3) and Dixon (1987, p. 60) state that a Kerr County record is erroneous.

13 Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 San Marcos salamander

14 Eurycea neotenes Bishop & Wright, 1937 Texas salamander

Eurycea neotenes Bishop & Wright probably refers to more than one species (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 4; Price 1990, pp. 12-13).

15 Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) dwarf salamander

16 Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Hillis, & Price, 1993 Barton Springs salamander

17 Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell & Reddell, 1965 Comal blind salamander

Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell & Reddell includes Typhlomolge tridentifera (Mitchell & Reddell) (Reddell 1970, p. 142; Potter and Sweet 1981, p. 65).

18 Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 Valdina Farms salamander

19 Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 whitethroat slimy salamander

Plethodon albagula Grobman formerly was considered a subspecies of P. glutinosus (Green) (Highton 1989, pp. 19 & 71-73). Dixon (1987, p. 62) questions Mason and San Saba County records.

20 Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) slimy salamander

Plethodon glutinosus (Green) formerly included P. albagula Grobman (Highton 1989, pp. 19 & 71-73). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 4) question northeastern Texas records. Dixon (1987, p. 62) confirms an Upshur County record.

21 Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 southern redback salamander

Plethodon serratus Grobman formerly was considered a subspecies of P. cinereus (Green) (Highton 1986, p. 394.1). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 4) and Dixon (1987, p. 134) state that Texas records are questionable or that the species has been extirpated.

22 Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1896 Texas blind salamander

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 4) state that Comal and Kendall County records are erroneous.

23 Typhlomolge robusta Potter & Sweet, 1981 Blanco blind salamander

Proteida, Caudata (Urodela) - Salamanders

6 Proteidae (Waterdogs and Mudpuppies)

24 Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 Gulf Coast waterdog

Opisthocoela, Salientia (Anura) - Frogs and Toads

7 Rhinophrynidae (Burrowing Toads)

25 Rhinophrynus dorsalis Duméril & Bibron, 1841 Mexican burrowing toad

Anomocoela, Salientia (Anura) - Frogs and Toads

8 Pelobatidae (Spadefoot Toads)

26 Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 Couch's spadefoot

27 Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) eastern spadefoot

Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan) includes Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker (Wasserman 1968, pp. 70.1-70.2) which Collins (1991, p. 43) recently has resurrected.

28 Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) plains spadefoot

Spea bombifrons (Cope) includes Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope (Sattler 1980, p. 608; Tanner 1989, p. 503).

29 Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) New Mexico spadefoot

Spea multiplicata (Cope) includes Scaphiopus multiplicatus Cope (Tanner 1989, p. 503) and formerly was considered conspecific with S. hammondi (Baird) (Sattler 1980, p. 608; Dixon 1987, p. 65).

Procoela, Salientia (Anura) - Frogs and Toads

9 Leptodactylidae (Tropical Frogs)

30 Eleutherodactylus augusti (Dugés, 1879) barking frog

Eleuthrodactylus augusti includes E. latrans (Cope) and Hylactophryne augusti (Duges) (Zweifel 1967, pp. 41.1-41.2; Lynch 1986, pp. 254-255). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 6) state that the McLennan County record is erroneous.

31 Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) white-lipped frog

Leptodactylus labialis (Cope) includes L. fragilis (Brocchi) (Dubois and Heyer 1992, p. 584).

32 Syrrhophus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) Rio Grande chirping frog

Syrrhophus cystignathoides (Cope) includes S. campi Stejneger (Lynch 1972, pp. 15-16).

33 Syrrhophus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) spotted chirping frog

Syrrhophus guttilatus (Cope) includes S. gaigeae Schmidt & Smith and may be synonynous with S. marnocki Cope (Lynch 1972, pp. 22-23; Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 6).

34 Syrrhophus marnockii Cope, 1878 cliff chirping frog

Syrrhophus marnockii Cope may include S. guttilatus (Cope) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 6).

10 Hylidae (Treefrogs and Chorus Frogs)

35 Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 northern cricket frog

Acris crepitans Baird has been confused with A. gryllus (Le Conte) in the literature (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 7).

36 Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1866 canyon treefrog

37 Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 Cope's gray treefrog

Hyla chrysoscelis Cope and H. versicolor Le Conte cannot be distinguished as museum specimens and and their relative distributions have not yet been determined completely (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, pp. 7-8; Dixon 1987, pp. 68-69).

38 Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1799) green treefrog

Conant (1977, p. 219) describes Cameron County introductions.

39 Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 squirrel treefrog

40 Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1825 gray treefrog

41 Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) spotted chorus frog

42 Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) spring peeper

43 Pseudacris streckeri Wright & Wright, 1933 Strecker's chorus frog

44 Pseudacris triseriata (Wied, 1838) striped chorus frog

45 Smilisca baudinii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) Mexican treefrog

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 8) state that a Bexar County record is erroneous.

11 Bufonidae (Toads)

46 Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American toad

47 Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains toad

48 Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 green toad

49 Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston toad

50 Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) giant toad

51 Bufo punctatus Baird & Girard, 1852 red-spotted toad

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 9) state that a Duval County record is erroneous.

52 Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas toad

Bufo speciosus Girard includes B. compactilis Wiegmann (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 9).

53 Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 Gulf Coast toad

54 Bufo velatus Bragg & Sanders, 1951 East Texas toad

Bufo velatus Bragg & Sanders formerly was considered a subspecies of B. woodhousii Girard (Sanders 1986, pp. 7 & 19-21).

55 Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's toad

Diplaciocoela, Salientia (Anura) - Frogs and Toads

12 Ranidae (True Frogs)

56 Rana areolata Baird & Girard, 1852 crawfish frog

57 Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 Rio Grande leopard frog

Rana berlandieri Baird, blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown, & Brown, and sphenocephala Cope formerly were considered subspecies of R. pipiens (Schreber) and their distributions have not yet been determined completely (Hillis 1981, pp. 312-318).

58 Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown, & Brown, 1973 plains leopard frog

59 Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 bullfrog

Rana catesbeiana Shaw has been introduced widely in Texas (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 10).

60 Rana clamitans Latreille, 1802 green frog

61 Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 pig frog

62 Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 pickerel frog

63 Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 northern leopard frog

64 Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 southern leopard frog

13 Microhylidae (Narrowmouth Toads)

65 Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) eastern narrowmouth toad

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 11) question the westernmost Texas records and state that Microhyla often replaces Gastrophyrne in the literature.

66 Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1856) Great Plains narrowmouth toad

Microhyla often replaces Gastrophyrne in the literature (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 11).

67 Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) sheep frog

The San Patricio County record reported in Dixon (1987) should be for Calhoun County (JRD).

Reptilia (Reptiles)

Testudines (Chelonia) - Turtles

14 Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles)

68 Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) snapping turtle

69 Macroclemys temmincki (Troost, 1835) alligator snapping turtle

15 Kinosternidae (Musk and Mud Turtles)

70 Kinosternon carinatum (Gray, 1855) razorback musk turtle

Ernst and Barbour (1989, pp. 69 & 74) include Sternothaerus and Sternotherus carinatus in Kinosternon carinatum (Gray), but Ernst et al. (1994, p. 138) question this. Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 12) state that south central Texas records are erroneous.

71 Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz, 1857) yellow mud turtle

72 Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler, 1830) Mexican mud turtle

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 12) state that Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler) occurs only in Presidio County in Texas and that literature reports of K. sonoriense Le Conte in Texas are erroneous.

73 Kinosternon odoratum (Latreille, 1802) stinkpot

Ernst and Barbour (1989, pp. 69 & 76) include Sternothaerus and Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille) in Kinosternon odoratum (Latreille), but Ernst et al. (1994, p. 138) question this.

74 Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepède, 1788) eastern mud turtle

16 Emydidae (Box and Water Turtles)

75 Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) painted turtle

76 Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1802) chicken turtle

77 Graptemys caglei Haynes & McKown, 1974 Cagle's map turtle

78 Graptemys ouchitensis Cagle, 1953 Ouachita map turtle

Graptemys ouchitensis (Cagle) formerly was considered a subspecies of G. pseudographica (Gray) (Vogt 1993, p. 603.1).

79 Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray, 1831) false map turtle

Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray) includes G. kohni (Baur) (Vogt 1995, p. 604.3).

80 Graptemys versa Stejneger, 1925 Texas map turtle

81 Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff, 1793) diamondback terrapin

82 Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte, 1830) river cooter

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, pp. 12-13) question Brewster and Culberson County records and state that Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte) and P. floridana (Le Conte) often are confused and that Chrysemys sometimes replaces Pseudemys.

83 Pseudemys floridana (Le Conte, 1830) cooter

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, pp. 12-13) state that Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte) and P. floridana (Le Conte) often are confused and that Chrysemys sometimes replaces Pseudemys. Seidel and Dreslik (1996, pp. 626.1-626.5) include P. floridana in P. concinna.

84 Pseudemys gorzugi Ward, 1984 Rio Grande cooter

Pseudemys gorzugi Ward formerly was considered a subspecies of P. concinna (Le Conte) (Ernst 1990, p. 461.1; Collins 1991, p. 43). Chrysemys sometimes replaces Pseudemys in the literature (Seidel and Smith 1986, pp. 242-243).

85 Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938 Florida redbelly turtle

Chrysemys sometimes replaces Pseudemys in the literature (Seidel and Smith 1986, pp. 242-243). Pseudemys nelsoni Carr has been introduced to San Marcos, Texas (Rose et al. 1998, pp. 89-92).

86 Pseudemys texana Baur, 1893 Texas cooter

Pseudemys texana Baur formerly was considered a subspecies of P. concinna (Le Conte) (Seidel and Dreslik 1996, p. 626.5). Chrysemys sometimes replaces Pseudemys in the literature (Seidel and Smith 1986, pp. 242-243).

87 Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) eastern box turtle

Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus) often is found outside its natural range as a released pet (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 15).

88 Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857) western box turtle

Terrapene ornata (Agassiz) often is found outside its natural range as a released pet (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 15).

89 Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1939) Big Bend slider

Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg) formerly was considered a subspecies of T. scripta (Schoepff) (Ernst 1992, pp. 538.2-538.3). Pseudemys or Chrysemys sometimes replace Trachemys in the literature (Seidel and Smith 1986, pp. 242-243).

90 Trachemys scripta (Schoepff, 1792) slider

Trachemys scripta (Schoepff) formerly included T. gaigeae (Hartweg) as a subspecies (Ernst 1992, pp. 538.2-538.3). Conant (1977, p. 219) describes Cameron County introductions.

17 Testudinidae (Tortoises)

91 Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857) Texas tortoise

Goperus berlandieri (Agassiz) often is found outside its natural range as a released pet (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 15).

18 Cheloniidae (Sea Turtles)

92 Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) loggerhead

93 Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) green turtle

94 Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) hawksbill

95 Lepidochelys kempi (Garman, 1880) Atlantic ridley

Lepidochelys kempi (Garman) formerly was considered a subspecies of L. olivacea (Eschscholtz) (Raun and Gehlbach, p. 15).

19 Dermochelyidae (Leatherbacks)

96 Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus, 1766) leatherback

20 Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles)

97 Apalone mutica (Le Seuer, 1827) smooth softshell

Meylan (1987) and Ernst and Barbour (1989, p. 105) refer Trionyx muticus Le Seuer to Apalone mutica (Le Seuer), but Ernst et al. (1994, pp. 103-104) consider this action premature.

98 Apalone spinifera (Le Seuer, 1827) spiny softshell

Meylan (1987) and Ernst and Barbour (1989, p. 103) refer Trionyx spiniferus Le Seuer to Apalone spinifera (Le Seuer), but Ernst et al. (1994, pp. 103-104) consider this action premature.

21 Crocodilidae (Alligators and Caimans)

99 Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1803) American alligator

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 16) state that Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) often is introduced outside its natural range and question records of former occurrence along the Rio Grande. Conant (1977, p. 219) discusses introductions in Cameron County.

Sauria (Lacertilia) - Lizards, Squamata - Lizards and Snakes

22 Gekkonidae (Geckos)

100 Coleonyx brevis Stejneger, 1893 Texas banded gecko

101 Coleonyx reticulatus Davis & Dixon, 1958 reticulated gecko

102 Cyrtopodion scabrum (Heyden, 1827) roughtail gecko

Cyrtopodion scabrum (Heyden) includes Cyrtodactylus scaber (Heyden) and recently has been introduced to Galveston, Texas (Bloom et al. 1986, pp. 129-131; Dixon, 1987, p. 89).

103 Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel, 1836 house gecko

104 Hemidactylus garnottii Duméril & Bibron, 1836 Indo-Pacific gecko

105 Hemidactylus turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean gecko

Hemidactylus turcicus (Linnaeus) has been introduced at many Texas cities (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 17; Conant 1977, p. 219; Dixon 1987, p. 90).

23 Iguanidae (Iguanids)

106 Anolis carolinensis (Voigt, 1832) green anole

Atascosa, Brown, Cameron, Frio, Hidalgo, Maverick, Menard, Uvalde, and Willacy County records may represent introductions (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 17; Conant 1977, p. 219; Dixon 1987, p. 90).

107 Anolis sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837 brown anole

Anolis sagrei Dumeril & Bibron recently has been introduced to Texas (Dixon 1987, p. 90).

108 Cophosaurus texanus Troschel, 1852 greater earless lizard

Cophosaurus texanus Troschel includes Holbrookia texana (Troschel) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 17). Dixon (1987, p. 91) questions Fayette and Gonzales County records; a Nueces County record is actually a Val Verde specimen (JRD, pers. comm. R.W. Axtell).

109 Crotaphytus collaris (Say, 1823) collared lizard

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 17) and Dixon (1987, p. 91-92) question Burleson, Falls, and Limestone County records. Dixon (1987, p. 92) states that Duval, Cameron, and Starr County records are erroneous.

110 Crotaphytus reticulatus Baird, 1858 reticulate collared lizard

111 Ctenosaura pectinata (Wiegmann, 1834) western spiny-tailed iguana

Ctenosaura pectinata (Wiegmann) has been established by man in Brownsville (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 17; Conant 1977, p. 218; Dixon 1987, p. 92).

112 Gambelia wislizeni (Baird & Girard, 1852) longnose leopard lizard

Gambelia wislizeni (Baird & Girard) includes Crotaphytus wislizeni Baird & Girard (Montanucci et al. 1975, pp. 339-340).

113 Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880 spot-tailed earless lizard

Holbrookia lacerata Cope and H. maculata Girard often are confused in the literature (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 19). Dixon (1987, p. 93) states that Dallas, Donley, Garza, McLennan, and Young County records are erroneous.

114 Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851 lesser earless lizard

Holbrookia lacerata Cope and H. maculata Girard often are confused in the literature (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 19). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 19) and Dixon (1987, p. 93) state that Houston and Kimble County records are erroneous.

115 Holbrookia propinqua Baird & Girard, 1852 keeled earless lizard

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 19) and Dixon (1987, p. 93) question a Real County record.

116 Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan, 1825) Texas horned lizard

Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan) often is found outside its natural range as a released pet (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 18).

117 Phrynosoma hernandesi Girard, 1858 mountain short-horned lizard

Phrynosoma hernandesi Girard formerly was considered a subspecies of P. douglassi (Bell) (Zamudio et al. 1997, pp. 301-302; Smith et al. 1999, p. 75). Dixon (1987, p. 94) confirms El Paso County records.

118 Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852 roundtail horned lizard

Dixon (1987, p. 95) questions a Zapata County record.

119 Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt & Jones, 1972 dunes sagebrush lizard

Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt & Jones formerly was considered a subspecies of S. graciosus Baird & Girard (Collins 1991, p. 43; Degenhardt et al., p. 160).

120 Sceloporus cyanogenys Cope, 1885 blue spiny lizard

121 Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 mesquite lizard

Dixon (1987, p. 96) states that Kleberg and Refugio County records represent introductions.

122 Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854 desert spiny lizard

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 19) and Dixon (1987, p. 96) question Ector and Val Verde County records.

123 Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904 canyon lizard

Dixon (1987, p. 96) states that a San Saba County record is erroneous.

124 Sceloporus olivaceus Smith, 1934 Texas spiny lizard

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 19) state that Sceloporus olivaceus Smith formerly was included in S. spinosus Wiegmann and was confused with S. undulatus (Latreille). They and Dixon (1987, p. 19) question East Texas records.

125 Sceloporus poinsetti Baird & Girard, 1852 crevice spiny lizard

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 19) question Duval and Webb County records and state that a Brown County record is erroneous.

126 Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille, 1802) eastern fence lizard

Sceloporus olivaceus Smith and S. undulatus (Latreille) often are confused in the literature (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 19).

127 Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 rosebelly lizard

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 20) and Dixon (1987, p. 98) state Dallas, El Paso, and Lee County records are erroneous.

128 Urosaurus ornatus (Baird & Girard, 1852) tree lizard

129 Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard, 1852 side-blotched lizard

Collins (1991, p. 43) considers Uta stansburiana stejnegeri Schmidt to be a full species. Dixon (1987, p. 99) questions Coke, Kimble, and Palo Pinto County records.

24 Scincidae (Skinks)

130 Eumeces anthracinus (Baird, 1849) coal skink

Dixon (1987, p. 99) questions Dallas and Brazos County records.

131 Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) five-lined skink

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 21) state that Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus) and E. laticeps (Schneider) often are confused and question records from north central Texas. Dixon (1987, p. 99) questions Bexar, Brown, and Mason County records.

132 Eumeces laticeps (Schneider, 1801) broadhead skink

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 21) state that Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus) and E. laticeps (Schneider) often are confused in the literature. They and Dixon (1987, p. 100) question a Llano County record and state that a Bexar County record is erroneous.

133 Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857) many-lined skink

Eumeces multivirgatus (Hallowell) includes E. epipleurotus Cope, E. gaigeae Taylor, and E. taylori Smith (Mecham 1957, p. 122; Mecham 1980, p. 241.1).

134 Eumeces obsoletus (Baird & Girard, 1852) Great Plains skink

135 Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird, 1858) prairie skink

Collins (1991, p. 43) considers Eumeces septentrionalis obtusirostris Boucart to be a full species. Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 21) and Dixon (1987, p. 101) question Brewster and San Saba County records.

136 Eumeces tetragrammus (Baird, 1858) four-lined skink

Eumeces tetragrammus (Baird) includes E. brevilineatus Cope (Lieb 1990, p. 492.2). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 21-22) and Dixon (1987, p. 101) question Baylor, Brewster, Burnet, Cooke, Henderson, and Limestone County records.

137 Scincella lateralis (Say, 1823) ground skink

25 Teiidae (Whiptails)

138 Cnemidophorus dixoni Scudday, 1973 gray-checkered whiptail

139 Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, 1956 Chihuahuan spotted whiptail

Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, C. gularis Baird & Girard, C. neomexicanus Lowe & Zweifel, and C. sacki Wiegmann often are confused (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 22-23). Dixon (1987, p. 102) questions Pecos, Reeves, and Terrell County records.

140 Cnemidophorus gularis Baird & Girard, 1852 Texas spotted whiptail

Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, C. gularis Baird & Girard, and C. sacki Wiegmann often are confused (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 22). Dixon (1987, p. 103) questions Anderson, Cass, Harrison, Henderson, and Morris County records.

141 Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird, 1858 little striped whiptail

Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird, C. "perplexus" Baird & Girard, and C. uniparens Wright & Lowe often are confused (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 22). Dixon (1987, p. 103) questions Gillespie and Mitchell County records.

142 Cnemidophorus laredoensis McKinney, Kay, & Anderson, 1973 Laredo striped whiptail

143 Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe & Zweifel, 1952 New Mexico whiptail

Cnemidophorus exsanguis Lowe, C. gularis Baird & Girard, C. neomexicanus Lowe & Zweifel, C. "perplexus" Baird & Girard, and C. sacki Wiegmann often are confused (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 22).

144 Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope, 1892 plateau spotted whiptail

Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope includes C. scalaris Cope (Dixon 1987, p. 104). C. septemvittatus, C. exsanguis Lowe, and C. sacki Wiegmann often are confused (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 22-23).

145 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) six-lined racerunner

146 Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Say, 1823) Colorado checkered whiptail

Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Say) often is confused with C. tigris Baird & Girard and includes C. grahamii Baird & Girard (Price 1986, p. 398.1). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 23) and Dixon (1987, p. 105) question Kent and Webb County records.

147 Cnemidophorus tigris Baird & Girard, 1852 western whiptail

Cnemidophorus tigris often is confused with C. tesselatus (Price 1986, p. 398.1) and includes C. marmoratus (Dessauer and Cole 1991, p. 635). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 23) question a Webb County record, but Dixon (1987, p. 104) verifies it.

148 Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright & Lowe, 1965 desert grassland whiptail

Cnemidophorus uniparens Wright & Lowe and C. inornatus Baird often are confused (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 22).

26 Anguidae (Glass and Alligator Lizards)

149 Gerrhonotus infernalis Baird, 1858 Texas alligator lizard

Dixon (1987, p. 106) verifies Dallas and Fayette County records, but states that a Dallas County record may be an introduction.

150 Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope, 1880 slender glass lizard

Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope originally was described as a subspecies of O. ventralis (Linnaeus) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 24; Dixon 1987, p. 106). Dixon (1987, p. 106) questions a Kerr County record.

Serpentes (Ophidia) - Snakes, Squamata - Lizards and Snakes

27 Leptotyphlopidae (Slender Blind Snakes)

151 Leptotyphlops dulcis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Texas blind snake

Dixon (1987, p. 107) questions a Montgomery County record.

152 Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird & Girard, 1853) western blind snake

28 Colubridae (Colubrids)

153 Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 glossy snake

154 Bogertophis subocularis (Brown, 1901) Trans-Pecos rat snake

Bogertophis subocularis (Brown) includes Elaphe subocularis (Brown) (Price 1990, pp. 497.1-497.2).

155 Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825) worm snake

Carphophis amoenus (Say) includes C. vermis (Kennicott) (Rossman 1973, p. 141; Ernst and Barbour 1989, p. 15), which Collins (1991, p. 43) recently has resurrected. Dixon (1987, p. 108) states that a Bosque County record is erroneous.

156 Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) scarlet snake

Collins (1991, p. 43) considers Cemophora coccinea lineri Williams, Brown, & Wilson to be a full species.

157 Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 racer

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 25) question a Real County record.

158 Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) black-striped snake

159 Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) ringneck snake

Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus) includes D. regalis Baird & Girard (Mecham 1956, pp. 51-52).

160 Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827) indigo snake

161 Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) speckled racer

Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel) may be extirpated from Cameron County (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 26), though B. Whitney observed three specimens in 1981 (Tennant 1984, p. 312). Dixon (1987, p. 111) questions Hidalgo and Kleberg County records.

162 Elaphe bairdi (Yarrow, 1880) Baird's rat snake

Elaphe bairdi (Yarrow) formerly was considered a subspecies of E. obsoleta (Say) (Tennant 1984, p. 200). Dixon (1987, p. 111) states that a Cameron County record is erroneous.

163 Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus, 1766) corn snake

164 Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) rat snake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 26) and Dixon (1987, p. 112) question Culberson and Reeves County records. Dixon (1987, p. 112) confirms a Cameron County record.

165 Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836) mud snake

Dixon (1987, p. 113) confirms a Dallas County record.

166 Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931 Mexican hooknose snake

Ficimia streckeri Taylor formerly was considered a subspecies of F. olivacea Gray (Tennant 1984, p. 233).

167 Gyalopion canum (Cope, 1860) western hooknose snake

Gyalopion canum (Cope) includes Ficimia cana (Cope) (Tennant 1984, p. 233). Dixon (1987, p. 113) questions a Wise County record.

168 Heterodon nasicus Baird & Girard, 1852 western hognose snake

Records of Heterodon nasicus Baird & Girard in Bowie, Calhoun, Comal, Coryell, Goliad, Hays, Limestone, and Montogery Counties actually represent H. platirhinos Latreille (pers. comm. D.R. Platt).

169 Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1802 eastern hognose snake

Records of Heterodon nasicus Baird & Girard in Bowie, Calhoun, Comal, Coryell, Goliad, Hays, Limestone, and Montogery Counties actually represent H. platirhinos Latreille (pers. comm. D.R. Platt).

170 Hypsiglena torquata Cope, 1860 night snake

Hypsiglena torquata Cope includes H. ochrorhyncha Cope (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 27). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 27) question an Anderson County record, but Dixon (1987, p. 114) confirms it.

171 Lampropeltis alterna (Brown, 1902) gray-banded kingsnake

Lampropeltis alterna (Brown) formerly was considered a subspecies of L. mexicana (Garman) (Tennant 1984, p. 233).

172 Lampropeltis calligaster (Harlan, 1827) prairie kingsnake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 28) and Dixon (1987, p. 115) state that a Jeff Davis County record is erroneous.

173 Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) common kingsnake

174 Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepède, 1788) milk snake

Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepède) includes L. doliata (Linnaeus) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 28).

175 Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) cat-eyed snake

Dixon (1987, p. 117) questions a Kleberg County record.

176 Liochlorophis vernalis (Harlan, 1828) smooth green snake

L. vernalis (Harlan) includes Opheodrys vernalis (Oldham and Smith 1991; Degenhardt et al. 1996, p. 287). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 31), Worthington (1973, pp. 344-346), and Dixon (1987, p. 121) question Armstrong, Bosque, and Ellis County records.

177 Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802) coachwhip

178 Masticophis schotti Baird & Girard, 1853 Schott's whipsnake

Masticophis schotti Baird & Girard formerly was considered a subspecies of M. taeniatus (Hallowell) (Camper and Dixon 1994, pp. 1 & 33-35; Camper 1996, p. 638.2).

179 Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) striped whipsnake

Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell) formerly included M. schotti Baird & Girard (Camper and Dixon 1994, pp. 1 & 33-35; Camper 1996, p. 638.2). Dixon (1987, p. 118) questions a Throckmorton County record.

180 Nerodia clarkii (Baird & Girard, 1853) Gulf salt marsh snake

Nerodia clarkii (Baird & Girard) includes Natrix clarkii (Baird & Girard) (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42) and once was considered a race of N. fasciata (Linnaeus) or N. sipedon (Linnaeus) (Ernst and Barbour 1989, p. 114; Lawson et al. 1991, p. 657).

181 Nerodia cyclopion (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril, 1854) green water snake

Nerodia cyclopion (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril) includes Natrix cyclopion (Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril) (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42). Dixon (1987, p. 118) confirms a Harrison County record.

182 Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) plainbelly water snake

Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster) includes Natrix erythrogaster (Forster) (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 29) question a Cameron County record and Dixon (1987, p. 118) questions a Starr County record.

183 Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) southern water snake

Nerodia fasciata includes Natrix fasciata (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42) and once was considered a race of N. sipedon (Linnaeus) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 30). Conant (1977, pp. 217-218) states that Cameron County records are introductions.

184 Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941) Harter's water snake

Collins (1991, p. 43) considers Nerodia harteri paucimaculata Tinkle & Conant to be a full species. Nerodia harteri (Trapido) includes Natrix harteri Trapido (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42).

185 Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852) diamondback water snake

Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell) includes Natrix rhombifer (Hallowell) (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42).

186 Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758) northern water snake

Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus) includes Natrix sipedon (Linnaeus) (Rossman and Eberle 1977, p. 42).

187 Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus, 1766) rough green snake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 30) state the Armstrong and El Paso County records are erroneous.

188 Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) bullsnake

Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin) includes western races once assigned to P. catenifer (Blainville) (Smith and Kennedy 1951, p. 96) and formerly included P. ruthveni Stull (Collins 1991, p. 43; Reichling 1995, p. 194).

189 Pituophis ruthveni Stull, 1929 Louisiana pine snake

Pituophis ruthveni Stull formerly was considered a subspecies of P. melanoleucus (Daudin) (Collins 1991, p. 43; Reichling 1995, p. 194).

190 Regina grahamii Baird & Girard, 1853 Graham's crayfish snake

Regina grahamii Baird & Girard includes Natrix grahamii (Baird & Girard) (Rossman 1985, p. 171; Ernst and Barbour 1989, p. 134). Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 30) question Bexar and Hemphill County records, but Dixon (1987, p. 122) confirms them.

191 Regina rigida (Say, 1825) glossy crayfish snake

Regina rigida (Say) includes Natrix rigida (Say) (Rossman 1985, p. 171; Ernst and Barbour 1989, p. 134).

192 Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard, 1853 longnose snake

193 Salvadora deserticola Schmidt, 1940 Big Bend patchnose snake

Salvadora deserticola Schmidt formerly was considered a subspecies of S. hexalepis (Cope) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 31; Dixon 1987, p. 122-123).

194 Salvadora grahamiae Baird & Girard, 1853 mountain patchnose snake

Salvadora grahamiae Baird & Girard includes S. lineata Schmidt (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 31).

195 Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard, 1853 ground snake

Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard includes S. episcopa (Kennicott) (Tennant 1984, pp. 114-115).

196 Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, 1842) brown snake

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook) includes S. tropica Cope (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 32). Dixon (1987, p. 124) states that Crosby and Lubbock County records may be introductions.

197 Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) redbelly snake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 32) state that a McLennan County record is erroneous.

198 Tantilla atriceps (Günther, 1895) Mexican blackhead snake

Reports of Tantilla atriceps (Günther) and T. planiceps (Blainville) in western Texas now are referred to T. hobartsmithi Taylor, and T. atriceps applies to a species found in Duval and Kleberg Counties (Cole and Hardy 1981, pp. 264-267; Tennant 1984).

199 Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 blackhood snake

Tantilla cucullata Minton formerly was considered a subspecies of T. rubra Cope (Degenhardt et al. 1976, p. 233; Collins 1991, p. 43; 1992, p. 43). Collins (1991, p. 43; 1992, p. 43) considers T. cucullata diabola Fouquette & Potter to be a full species.

200 Tantilla gracilis Baird & Girard, 1853 flathead snake

Dixon (1987, p. 125) questions Brewster, Hale, Kent, Lamb, and Randall County records.

201 Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor, 1937 southwestern blackhead snake

Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor now applies to reports of T. atriceps (Günther) and T. planiceps (Blainville) from western Texas, and T. atriceps refers to a species found in Duval and Kleberg Counties (Cole and Hardy 1981, pp. 264-267; Tennant 1984, p. 95).

202 Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860 plains blackhead snake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 33) and Dixon (1987, p. 125) question a McLennan County record.

203 Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) blackneck garter snake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 33) and Dixon (1987, p. 126) state that a Cameron County record is erroneous and question a McLennan County record.

204 Thamnophis marcianus (Baird & Girard, 1853) checkered garter snake

205 Thamnophis proximus (Say, 1823) western ribbon snake

Thamnophis proximus (Say) formerly was considered a subspecies of T. sauritus (Linnaeus) (Rossman 1962, pp. 741 & 747; Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 34).

206 Thamnophis radix (Baird & Girard, 1853) plains garter snake

207 Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) common garter snake

Collins (1991, p. 43) considers Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis Baird & Girard to be a full species.

208 Trimorphodon biscutatus (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854) lyre snake

Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsoni Cope likely will be elevated to a full species (JRD).

209 Tropidoclonion lineatum (Hallowell, 1856) lined snake

210 Virginia striatula (Linnaeus, 1766) rough earth snake

Virginia striatula (Linnaeus) includes Haldea striatula (Linnaeus) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 35; Ernst and Barbour 1989, p. 183). Dixon (1987, p. 129) states that El Paso, King, and Lubbock County records may be introductions.

211 Virginia valeriae Baird & Girard, 1853 smooth earth snake

Virginia valeriae Baird & Girard includes Haldea valeriae (Baird & Girard) (Raun and Gehlbach 1972, p. 35; Ernst and Barbour 1989, p. 183).

29 Elapidae (Coral Snakes and Cobras)

212 Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus, 1766) North American coral snake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 35) and Dixon (1987, p. 130) question a Reeves County record. They and Degenhardt et al. (1996, p. 339) state that Texas records of Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott) are erroneous.

30 Viperidae (Vipers)

213 Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) copperhead

Dixon (1987, p. 130) questions a Lubbock County record.

214 Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacepède, 1789) cottonmouth

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 35), Conant (1977, p. 219), and Dixon (1987, p. 131) question Cameron, Fisher, Maverick, Sterling, and Val Verde County records.

215 Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard, 1853 western diamondback rattlesnake

Dixon (1987, p. 131) states that a Jefferson County record is erroneous.

216 Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 timber rattlesnake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 36) and Dixon (1987, p. 132) question Bexar and Brown County records and state that Eastland and Taylor County records are erroneous.

217 Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) rock rattlesnake

218 Crotalus molossus Baird & Girard, 1853 blacktail rattlesnake

Dixon (1987, p. 133) questions a Coke County record.

219 Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861) Mojave rattlesnake

220 Crotalus viridis (Rafinesque, 1818) western rattlesnake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 37) and Dixon (1987, p. 133) state that Bexar, Burnet, and Tarrant County records are erroneous.

221 Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) massasauga

222 Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) pigmy rattlesnake

Raun and Gehlbach (1972, p. 37) and Dixon (1987, p. 134) question a McLennan County record and state that Mitchell and Somervell County records are erroneous.