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SOURCES1. Fray Juan Francisco de San Antonio. A Translation from the Spanish by D. Pedro Picornell of Book I of CRONICAS DE LA PROVINCIA DE SAN GREGORIO MAGNO by Fray Juan Francisco de San Antonio. Impresa en la imprenta del uso de la propria Provincia, sita en el Convento de Nra. Senora de Loreto del Pueblo de Sampaloc, Extra-muros de la Ciudad de Manila: Por Fr. Juan del Sotillo. Ano de 1738. CASALINDA and Historical Conservation Society of the Philippines, 1977. p. 77.2. Juan De Dios Emeterio De Roco. El Nacimiento de Mis Hermanos. Unpublished. 3. Fr. Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga. Filipiniana Book Guild, 1973 Printed by Regar Printing Company, Jose P. Laurel St., Manila. 4. Thomas Carter. Land of the Morning: A Pictorial History of the American Regime. Historial Conservation Society of the Philippines, R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., 903 Quezon Ave. Quezon City. p. 25. 5. Alfonso IX (1166?-1230), king of León (1188-1230). In 1197 he married Berengaria, daughter of his first cousin King Alfonso VIII of Castile and granddaughter of King Henry II of England. Pope Innocent III annulled the marriage in 1214 because of the family relationship of Alfonso and Berengaria. Alfonso founded the University of Salamanca and captured Cáceres, Badajoz, and Mérida from the Muslim Almohads. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 6. Alfonso IX (1166?-1230), king of León (1188-1230). In 1197 he married Berengaria, daughter of his first cousin King Alfonso VIII of Castile and granddaughter of King Henry II of England. Pope Innocent III annulled the marriage in 1214 because of the family relationship of Alfonso and Berengaria. Alfonso founded the University of Salamanca and captured Cáceres, Badajoz, and Mérida from the Muslim Almohads. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 7. Valdivia, Pedro de (circa 1500-54), Spanish military leader and conqueror of Chile, born in Villanueva de la Serena. In 1535 he played an important role in the conquest of Venezuela, and in 1537 he served in Peru with the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro then authorized Valdivia to conquer and colonize Chile. Valdivia left Peru in 1540 with about 175 Spanish soldiers and a contingent of Native Americans, made the difficult march across the Atacama Desert, and, early in 1541, founded Santiago. Hostile Native Americans of the Araucanian tribe nearly demolished the settlement in 1543, but reinforcements arrived in time to save it. the following year Valdivia established la Serena, north of Santiago. Returning to Peru in 1547, he helped quell the rebellion led by Francisco Pizarro's brother Gonzalo Pizarro. Valdivia was named governor of Chile the following year and subsequently founded a number of settlements in central and southern Chile, notably Concepción (1550) and Valdivia (1552). The Araucanian people killed him on January 1, 1554, during an uprising. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 8. Andorra is traditionally held to have been declared a free state by Charlemagne in the 9th century AD. In 1278 it came under the joint control of the Catalan bishop of Urgel and of the count of Foix of France; through the latter, French rights passed successively to the kings and chiefs of state of France. Andorra pays a nominal biennial tribute to France and to the bishop of Urgel. In 1970 women received the right to vote. Andorra was admitted to the United Nations in 1993. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 9. A weak ruler, prey to intrigues and corruption, Charles IV was dominated by his chief adviser, Manuel de Godoy. The reign of Charles (1788-1808) coincided with the turbulent French Revolution (1789-1799). The revolution caused extraordinary upheavals throughout Europe and had particularly adverse effects in Spain. Many European monarchies watched in horror as the French Revolution unfolded, especially after the fall of the Bastille in Paris in 1789. Fearful that revolutionary ideas might spread to the peninsula, Spain’s Bourbon monarchy introduced repressive policies, revived the Inquisition, and ended plans for new domestic reforms. After revolutionary forces executed French Bourbon king Louis XVI in 1793, Spain joined Britain and other European powers in a war against France. The following year France invaded Spain and ravaged its northern provinces, occupying Bilbao and San Sebastián. After initial Spanish resistance, Godoy admitted defeat. In 1796, as revolutionary fervor in France abated, Godoy reversed course and formed an alliance with France against Britain. The British navy proved superior to the French and Spanish fleets, however. For the next decade, British blockades largely cut off Spain from its American colonies. The economic consequences for Spain were disastrous, as Spanish colonial trade shifted to Britain and the United States and Spain’s finances deteriorated. Worse still, it soon became clear with the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte in France that Spain was a junior partner in the alliance. In 1800 Napoleon forced Spain to return the Louisiana Purchase to France. By 1805, after a joint Spanish-French fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle of Trafalgar, Spain had been reduced to little more than a French puppet. Two years later, with Godoy’s consent, French troops marched across Spain in a bid to conquer Portugal. On their way, French forces occupied army garrisons in north and central Spain. Resentment among the Spanish people grew, and they turned against Godoy and Charles. Godoy was deposed and Charles was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. Napoleon, who had already decided to assume direct control of Spain, used the unrest as an opportunity to invade Spain. Napoleon ousted both Ferdinand and Charles and placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.) |