| Preface
Now, if you don't count my all-to-brief attempt at structured piano lessons as a child, I guess you could say that my background in music performance officially started in junior high school with the trombone.
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In addition to the school band and orchestra, I played in organizations
such as the Los Angeles City Youth Band, Los Angeles All-City Band, Meremblum
Junior Symphony Orchestra, Cal Arts Youth Orchestra, and some stage bands
with friends that culminated with us playing at the Hollywood Bowl in the
annual "Battle of the Bands" finals competition.
King model 2B trombone |
Holton TR158 trombone |
After high school, I got a brand new King 2B Liberty trombone and continued to play while working toward a Bachelor's of Music degree. That horn is the main horn I use for jazz and solo work. I also have a large-bore tenor trombone, the Holton TR158. I enjoy its fuller sound in concert band and symphony work. The third "player" in my collection is a silverplated Reynolds single-trigger bass trombone with a 10" bell.
Now, twenty-something years later, I have just begun to play regularly
again by first joining the Santa Clarita Valley Concert Band and most recently,
the Los Angeles
Symphonic Winds. My interest in performing again was always there;
it just needed a kick-start to get going again. As I got more involved
in playing, I started researching the various brass instrument makers such
as Conn, King, Bach, Holton, Olds, York and others. I found it fascinating.
I thought I'd put together a web page illustrating some of the great variations
on the trombone--some historic, some found in present day.

The
name "trombone" comes from the Italian word tromba for trumpet.
Change the suffix "a" to the Italian suffix "one", meaning "big", and you
get trombone meaning "big trumpet". The early English
word for this horn was sackbut, probably derived from French
(saquebute) or Spanish (sacabuche) words meaning literally
"pull-push".
The trombone is related to the trumpet due to the similar cylindrical bore of its tubing. The method of sound production in all horns is the same: the player blows air through their vibrating lips into a cupped mouthpiece setting a column of air vibrating throughout the length of a tube with a flared open end.
Simple trumpets made from animal horns, shells, and hollow bones date
back to ancient times. Written documentation of trumpets dates back
before 3000 B.C. in Mesopotamia. Trumpets were found in the Tutankamen's
tomb. The Greeks and Romans also had trumpets.
| By the early 15th century, innovators found that they could take a straight trumpet and by cutting it in two and fashioning a telescoping horn, they could shorten or lengthen the horn and thus change its fundamental pitch. The early slide trumpet was born. This simply allowed the instrument to play a few notes lower or higher than it otherwise would and was not capable of playing scales as we know them. In essence, it produced a horn that could play in a couple of different keys. |
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Further innovation in the mid-15th century resulted in the now-familiar curved parallel-tube slide which, because it was doubled back, was capable of filling in notes that were not playable on the straight slide trumpet. In the 15th century, we also find the first music texts with precise instrumental descriptions (other than for the organ). Among them, a brilliant and stirring 'tuba gallicalis', a fanfare on a broken chord of C Major for three sackbuts. The earliest known illustration of a trombone appears in the late 15th century painting "The Assumption of Virgin" by Filippino Lippi in the church of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. A monochrome partial detail appears at left.
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| Towards the end of the 15th century, the trombone was fully developed
and by the 16th century it already consisted of an entire family made up
of descant, alto, tenor and bass trombones.
Shown at right is a plate from Michael Praetorius's Syntagma Musicum (Treatise of Music) of 1618, showing: numbered 1&2. bass trombones in F (note the handle to facilitate the long slide reach); 3. tenor trombone in Bb; and 4. alto trombone in Eb. Instruments number 5-7 are curved cornetts; numbers 8&9 are straight cornetts; numbers 10-12 are trumpets and 13 are crooks used to change key. The descant trombones were eventually replaced by cornetts and later trumpets. In the end, it has been the tenor trombone which has become most prevalent. |
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Detailed Timeline of the Trombone |
| During the nineteenth century, brass instrument
design and fabrication was of such widespread interest that the annual
trade expositions in most countries featured an instrument competition.
Prizes and ratings by judges were so cherished by the manufacturers that they imprinted the list of awards to a given model on the bell along with the name, address, and company hallmark. |
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Variations on the Trombone
For the simple trombone, things became anything but simple as innovative shapes and the use of valves became the rage in the 19th century. Following are examples of some of the many variations of the trombone of the 19th and early 20th century.
An explanation of the the valve system and how it affects pitch change appears on the Baritone-Euphonium page.
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Examples of six-valved trombones. Adolphe Sax (the man who invented the saxophone!) developed a valve trombone with independent valves rather than valves used in combination with each other. Each of these valves corresponds to the six additional positions of a trombone slide. Open (no valves pressed) represented the trombone's first position. Pressing the first valve on the horn would coincide with second position; the second valve would be third position, and so on. This independent valve system required learning a much different fingering system than that which we know today. |
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Another Sax trombone ca.1870 stamped on bell: Seul Grand Prix, Paris 1867, no. 39, Noveau Trombone Sax, Adolphe Sax, 50 rue St. Georges, a Paris. |
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Belgian trombone ca.1860's with Vienna valves (one valve design of many at the time which eventually gave way to the piston valve we see today) |
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Another Vienna valve trombone of unknown origin ![]()
This Vienna valve uses keys and levers similar to the rotor valve system below. The closeup on the right is the same type valve system, but from a different horn. |
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Rotary valves are used today on French Horns and in trombones with an F attachment (see next page)
Below are closeups of two other valve systems that are not used anymore.
Berlin valve or Berliner pumpen Note the short, but wide, valve casings and that all inlets and outlets to the valves lie along the same line. Technically, the Berlin valve acted in a way like a rotor valve. In the up position, it allowed the air to flow straight through; when the valve was depressed, it diverted the air ninety degrees through the extra loop of tubing. The fat valves are necessary since they had to be at least twice the bore size. |
The Stoezel (Stölzel) valve is perhaps the earliest successful valve system, designed in the early 1800's. It is characterized by the long, slender valve casings and (most importantly) that the tubing comes out the bottom of the valve. It was not commonly used on larger-bore instruments. |
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(Agostino Rampone, Milan, Italy c. 1880) |
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(Adolphe Sax, Paris, c 1868) |
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ca. 1860's, England |
Imported by Lyon & Healy, Chicago |
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(Stowasser, Graslitz, mid 20th century) (see also the Cimbasso shown in the contemporary section on page 2) |
(Schmittschneider, Paris, 1823) |
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Probably one of the most famous contrabass trombones is this BBb instrument, built in Stockholm 1639 by Georg Nicolaus Oller. Without benefit of a double slide, the player uses a handle to stretch out the long slide. Pictured with the instrument is 5'10½" tall Nicholas Eastop, bass trombonist with The Chamber Orchestra of Europe and instrument Curator at Musikmuseet, The Stockholm Music Museum.
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Trombone buccin Buccine Trombone Ludwig Embach - 1810 |
...and one of the wilder variants: Trombone multipavillons
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Continued on
Variations on the Trombone
- page 2
All material ©2000 Bob
Beecher
Certain names are the trade property of their respective
makers
Variations on the Trombone p.2
Variations on the Baritone Horn
and Euphonium p.1 and p.2
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