Nomenclature

The nomenclature used in this model is a compromise. Some terms in this model should preferably be generalized in the future. The previous definitions would be special cases of the new definition.

When momentum is discussed, the preference in the future is for it's meaning to be what is termed here as total momentum. But momentum is presently defined as what is termed here as normal momentum, the momentum in macro three-space. All momentum is physically the same is all dimensions, hyper and normal macro spaces.

Space includes all spatial dimensions. All dimensions are present at every point in normal space. HyperSpace here is not the science fiction hyperspace one can jump in and out of. We extend into this hyperspace as much as we do in normal space. A preferable term in the future to replace hyperspace is microspace. That allows hyperspace to be defined as the superset space that our micro and normal spaces exist in. It is preferable that hyperspace retains its science fiction definition. Normal space and macrospace are interchangeable terms in this document.

The tiny curled up spaces. Micro-dimensions as termed in Michio Kaku's book.

The microspace dimension whose size determines the coupling constant for the EM force.

The w1 and w2, or weak, dimensions. The primary gauge spaces for the weak force whose size determines the coupling constant for the weak force. W1 and w2 are the same length. The number of spaces here, and for e and q, are based on supergravity tensors in Michio Kaku's Hyperspace.

The q1, q2, and q3, or quark, dimensions. The primary gauge spaces for the strong force whose size determines the coupling constant for the weak force. Q1, q2 and q3 are the same length. Supergravity has 11 dimensions, but from understanding that starting with 26 dimensions collapsing to 10, makes more sense, and is still just an intuitive guess. There could still be the other spaces out of 26 dimensions which are so small that present particle accelerators haven't created a particle yet that exists in a state that is detectable.

The preferred future definition of the tiny curled up spaces.

The classic macro three space; x, y and z.

This is previous example of mass having general and special meanings, relativistic mass and rest mass.

The sum of momentum in microspace divided by c

The sum of momentum in micro and macro spaces, divided by c.

The sum of momentum in micro and macro spaces, multiplied by c.

Symmetry is broken whenever a dimension is no longer perceived as the same size. Collapsing the fourth e dimension to be smaller than x, y and z created a topological donut. Creating a hole in a hypersphere breaks its symmetry. This seems like the simplest topological break that can made in a sphere and still be stable. Some mathematician might be able to say whether or not this can be proved and if someone has already proved it. Breaking the symmetry between e and normal space separated gravity and electric forces.

Momentum is free to change vectors freely when the dimension it is traveling in becomes as small or smaller than the next smaller space. That is one reason accelerating particles to high speeds creates new particles of different properties. The e-dimension gets as small as the w dimension. The p is now small enough to fit into the w space. An interaction can bounce the momentum into the w space.

Planck's energy is what is needed to shrink x down to q size. Imagine accelerating to this speed. Stars that were to the side and above you migrate forward and backward along the direction of travel. They shrink to disks and eventually to points. One eventually gets back to ones starting point in the universe. And then encounters it again, and again. One starts to circle the universe once per second, then at 10 Hz, 1000 Hz, teraHz, 10²⁰ Hz. Eventually, all that you perceive is the point you occupy. Your momentum p is now small enough to head off along a q dimension. Once you turn into a q-space, you try to slow down, and can not, the dimension is too small to allow your p to get longer. You turn 90 degrees into the e space and now can start slowing down. You slow down and then get stuck again, only 3 space is left for you to turn into. You chose one and slow down until all the stars reappear uniformly across space.

 TOE is shorthand for a physics theory that unifies the different forces of nature under one theory. This model links the different forces but also brings momentum, energy, quantum principals, general and special relativity. This amount of unification was necessary to link the different forces. In hindsight, since general relativity explains gravity and QED explains EM force, it is a prerequisite that general relativity is linked to quantum theory. Models have tended to concentrate on expanding QED to cosmic spaces. Einstein and Kaluza-Klein ideas tried to start with general relativity and shrink it to quantum levels, but without quantum principles.

Chaos theory is mathematics for nonlinear systems. A chaotic system is deterministic. A deterministic system is one where once its initial state is known, then its entire subsequent behavior is fixed. To predict a chaotic system into the indefinite future requires an infinite amount of precision in its initial conditions. Chaos theory is part of this because the trajectory an element of momentum takes around a hyper-space closed surface with axis ratios that are irrational numbers is a chaotic path. It never repeats its path. This helps explain radioactivity. A chaotic path will always eventually reach a certain escape path, causing the radioactive decay.

A quantum effect where a particle can climb up and over an energy hill even when it doesn't have sufficient energy to get to the top. The effect is usually thought of as tunneling through a wall. Another view is that use of higher dimensions can explain tunneling as going around the barrier, instead of through it. This model tends to support that hypothesis.

QED - The theory that models the electric force. QED is based on particle interchange. One calculates a property to whatever precision is needed by incorporating all possible combinations of particle interchange that are possible. This model requires one to look at all possible paths with all possible particles. The difference from QED to this model is that the interchange particle is viewed as a element of momentum, a multiple of h/2pi, that connects one momentum's trajectory with another element of momentum when exactly the h/2pi amount can be exchanged, via r x p. The interaction can occur over all possible microspaces. Since this model associates a microspace with a particular force this is just another view of the QED interchanges.

Last Updated on November 2, 1997 by Bob Rutkiewicz