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NATIONAL
DEFENSE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION
CONSTITUTION
AND BY-LAWS
ADOPTED
MARCH 1988
AMENDED
NOVEMBER 1988
AMENDED
JULY 1991
AMENDED
JANUARY 1998
AMENDED
JANUARY 2005
AMENDED
OCTOBER 2005
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE
I. ORGANIZATION NAME
The members of this Chapter, mindful of the vital importance of our transportation system in peacetime and its significance to the defense of the Free World, its indispensability in the economic development and security of our country, and its impact on energy needs and environmental concerns, associate themselves for active duty in this patriotic, educational, and scientific transportation organization, the name of which shall be the San Antonio, Texas Chapter, National Defense Transportation Association.
ARTICLE II.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the
Chapter shall be:
To do no act or thing prohibited
by or inconsistent with its status as a nonprofit corporation as defined by
Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (formerly known as the
Internal Revenue Code of 1954), and the Regulations pertaining thereto,
relating to tax exempt corporations. To
do any and all acts and things, not for profit, necessary or useful to the
accomplishment of the objects and purposes of the Chapter. To provide a common forum to discuss and
enhance programs designed to provide transportation preparedness for peacetime
needs and the defense of the Free World.
To maintain an
awareness among the members of the Chapter, and to inform the public of the
critical importance of safe and effective transportation to the individual, the
industry and the national leaders.
To provide active
assistance, by study and action, in a non-partisan capacity to appropriate
government agencies engaged in peacetime and defense preparedness
transportation planning, and to promote recognition of the need for cooperation
and support among the public, carrier management, and government agencies in
operationally effective planning.
To encourage implementation of plans and
programs to assure transportation capability in time of emergency.
To provide advisory assistance, upon request, to
governmental agencies concerning transportation problems.
To encourage transportation and related
industries to make available transportation management and operational
personnel for prompt support of appropriate agencies in periods of emergency.
To support, conduct,
and assist programs of transportation education, science research and
development, among private, industrial, educational, and governmental agencies
which are designed to foster efficient use of energy, improve the environment,
and increase the safety, effectiveness, economy and the responsiveness of the
transportation industry and allied services to the movement of people and goods
during times of peace and defense of the national interest.
To assist in the
transportation education of students, who plan to pursue a career in transportation,
through the Chapter scholarship program.
To assist in the education of San Antonio Chapter members and or their
qualified dependents through the Chapter scholarship program.
To foster a spirit of
patriotic good will and cooperative endeavor and mutual understanding among its
members, industrial entities, the transportation industry, and all other
government departments and agencies concerned with transportation.
To provide assistance
to the community by volunteering time or, when approved by the membership
and/or Board of Directors, financial aid.
To support continued reliance on the private
enterprise system of ownership and operation of transportation in the
ARTICLE
III. POLICIES
Section
1. All policies of the Chapter
will be established by the Board of Directors, and will not be in conflict with
the National Association Constitution and By-Laws.
Section
2. This Chapter is
non-commercial, non-profit, and politically non-partisan. Neither its name nor its influence may be
used directly or indirectly in the interest of any commercial or political
activity.
ARTICLE
IV. MEMBERSHIP
Section
1. All
members in good standing of the National Defense Transportation Association are
eligible for membership in this Chapter upon application.
Section
2. Membership will be of
the following classes: Regular; Military/Government; A-35; Student; Life; or
Sustaining in accordance with standards of eligibility set forth in Article I
of the Chapter By-Laws.
Section
3. Memberships of any
class may be revoked by the San Antonio Chapter Board of Directors or the
National Association for conduct inconsistent with the purposes, objectives, or
policies of the Chapter or the Association or prejudicial to the good order and
repute of the Chapter or the Association.
ARTICLE
V. OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, AND
MANAGEMENT
Section
1. The government of this
Chapter shall be vested in its Board of Directors.
OFFICERS
Section
2. The
Officers of this Chapter shall consist of the President; the First, Second,
Third, and Fourth Vice Presidents; the Secretary; and the Treasurer; who shall
perform duties as outlined in Article V of the Chapter By-Laws.
BOARD
OF DIRECTORS
Section
3. The
Board of Directors of this Chapter shall consist of its current Officers, as
set forth in Article V, Section 2; Immediate Past President; sixteen (16)
Directors, of which eight (8) shall be elected annually for a two year term;
and appointed Base and Industry representatives.
MANAGEMENT
Section
4. The
general control and management of the Chapter are vested in the Board of
Directors, who are empowered to appoint such committees or designate such
assistants as may be necessary or desirable for the execution of the policies
of the Chapter or the transaction of its business, consistent with the
Constitution and By-Laws of the National Association and/or this Chapter. The Board of Directors shall meet upon call
of the President or on oral or written petition of a majority of its
members. One-fourth (1/4) of the members
of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum.
ANNUAL
ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Section
5. The
Officers and eight (8) Directors of the Board of Directors plus any vacant
elected Director positions shall be elected annually by ballot mailed to the
General Membership in May. A Financial
Advisor and a General Counsel may be appointed by the President. The Officers shall hold office for one (1)
year or until their successors are elected or appointed and take office. The
eight (8) Directors elected each year shall hold office for two consecutive
years. A Nominating Committee will
prepare a slate of nominees in accordance with Article VI, Section 4, of the
Chapter By-Laws.
Section
6. Vacancies shall be
filled, pending the next annual election, by a majority vote of the Board of
Directors.
Section
7. Only members in good
standing may be elected to and be an Officer or Director in the Chapter. Chairpersons appointed to chair standing or
special committees must also be members in good standing. A member in good standing is one who has not
had his/her membership revoked and also has kept his/her membership dues
currently paid.
Section
8. Members of the Board of
Directors and members in good standing of the Chapter shall be entitled to cast
one (1) vote each on any matter coming before their respective bodies and
requiring decision by vote.
APPOINTMENT
OF BASE AND INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES
Section
9. The
president may appoint two representatives for each military installation,
including the Joint Personal Property Shipping Office. Similarly, the president may appoint
additional functional representatives from industry, as deemed necessary, but
not more than six (6). These appointees
shall represent their specific area of interest to promote membership and
activities for the welfare of the Chapter.
STATE
AND REGIONAL OFFICERS
Section
10. State
and Regional officers may not vote at Board of Director Meetings unless they
have been duly elected or appointed to an officer or director position in the
Chapter.
Section
11. At any meeting of the
Board of Directors called expressly for that purpose, any
Director(s)/Officer(s) may be removed, with or without cause, by a 2/3 vote of
the Directors then serving, excluding the Director(s) subject to removal.
ARTICLE
VI. MEETINGS
Section
1. Monthly
meetings by the Chapter are preferred.
If monthly meetings of the general membership are not possible, a
minimum of four general membership meetings shall be held annually, one of
these meetings to be the Annual Installation of Officers and Directors. The Annual Installation Meeting shall be
scheduled to take place in June and the elected Officers and Directors shall
take office upon installation. Names of
the Officers and Directors elected by the Chapter and installed at the Annual
Installation Meeting shall be reported promptly to the President of the
National Association utilizing the National Defense Transportation Association
Chapter Officer Election Report.
ARTICLE
VII. FINANCES
Section
1. Careful financial
records shall be maintained by the Chapter for examination at any time, and
financial accounts shall be audited annually in accordance with Article VI,
Section 3, of the Chapter By-Laws. A
copy of the annual audit report shall be sent to the Chapter.
ARTICLE
VIII. WELFARE
Section
1. Appropriate tribute or
message to members or members' family will be the responsibility of the Welfare
Committee in accordance with Article VI, Section 5, of the By-Laws.
ARTICLE
IX. ANNUAL REVIEW
Section
1. The Constitution and
By-Laws of the Chapter will be reviewed by the Board of Directors annually upon
inauguration of a new administration for the purpose of determining whether or
not amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws are appropriate. Any recommended amendments shall be adopted
in accordance with Article XI of the Constitution and Article VIII of the
By-Laws.
ARTICLE
X. CHAPTER DISBANDMENT
CHAPTER
MINIMUM
Section
1. The charter of this
Chapter may be withdrawn by the Executive Committee of the National Association
if its membership declines to less than twenty-five (25) members in good
standing.
CHAPTER
DISSOLUTION
Section
2. The
Chapter may, upon a two-thirds (2/3) vote of its current members in good
standing, apply to the National Association for permission to dissolve.
CHAPTER
REVOCATION
Section
3. The
charter of this Chapter may be revoked by the National Board of Directors for
conduct inconsistent with the purposes and objectives or policies of the
National Association or prejudicial to the good order and repute of the
National Association.
CHAPTER
PROPERTY
Section
4. Upon
dissolution of this Chapter, or upon revocation or withdrawal of the charter of
this Chapter, its records and funds shall become the property of the National
Association and shall be delivered promptly to the President of the Association
by the Chapter Board of Directors or the remaining Officers of the Chapter.
ARTICLE
XI. AMENDMENTS
Section
1. This
Constitution may be amended at any regular or special general membership
meeting; provided such amendment has previously been approved by the Board of
Directors and submitted in writing in advance to the general membership for review.
Section
1. Regular Members: Any person, military or civilian, (including
retired persons) may, upon approval of the President of the National
Association and payment of the annual dues specified, become a Regular Member
of this Chapter.
Section 2. Military/Government
Member: Active duty military personnel
and government employees may, upon approval of the President of the National
Association and payment of the dues specified, become a Military/Government
Member of this Chapter.
Section 3. A-35
Members: Any person who has not reached
their 35th birthday may, upon approval of the President of the National
Association and payment of the dues specified, become an A-35 Member of this
Chapter.
Section 4. Student
Members: Any person who is a student
enrolled in any accredited university or college in the United States, or any
student enrolled in a government school, for one year from beginning date of
course of instruction, may, upon approval of the President of the National
Association and payment of the annual dues specified, become a Student Member
of this Chapter.
Section 5. Life Members: Any applicant accepted for membership or any active member of the National Association may, upon approval of the President of the National Association and payment of the single payment specified, become a Life Member of this Chapter. Life Members shall be subject to the payment of Chapter dues, if any.
Section
6. Sustaining Members: Any
person, corporation, company, firm, or other organization or association may,
upon approval of the President of the National Association and payment of the
dues specified, become a Sustaining Member of this Chapter.
Section
7. Chapter Membership:
Members in good standing of any class shall be eligible for membership in the
Chapter. Changes in Chapter membership
will be promptly reported to the President of the National Association.
MEMBERS
PRIVILEGES
Section
8. Privileges of Members:
All Regular, Military/Government, A-35, Student, Life, and Sustaining members
of the Chapter in good standing shall be entitled to take part in and vote at
the annual National Defense Transportation Association Transportation and
Logistics Exposition and Forum and at all meetings of the Chapter and may hold
office in this Chapter. All members in
good standing of every class shall be entitled to all official publications and
announcements of the Association and to such other privileges as may be
provided in these By-Laws for the class of membership concerned.
ARTICLE
II. DUES
Section
1. Initiation Fee: No
initiation fee shall be charged by the Association or by this Chapter.
Section
2. Amount of Dues: Each member
of this Association shall pay such dues as may be determined from time to time
by the National Association Board of Directors.
Section
3. Payment: The annual dues
specified by the National Association Board of Directors will accompany each
application for membership or each renewal statement and will be forwarded to
the National Headquarters of the Association or through the Chapter Treasurer
or Membership Chairperson.
ARTICLE
III. MEETINGS
BOARD
OF DIRECTORS
Section
1. Regular and special
Board of Director Meetings shall be held upon call of the President.
GENERAL
MEMBERSHIP
Section
2. Regular
general membership meetings shall be held on the fourth Tuesday of each month
unless changed by the Board of Directors by simple majority vote.
ARTICLE
IV. DUTIES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Section
1. Subject to the
provisions of the Texas Non-Profit Corporation Law, Sections 170(c)(2) and
501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code, and any limitations in
the Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws relating to action required or
permitted be taken or approved by the members of this Corporation, the
activities and affairs of this Corporation shall be conducted and all corporate
powers shall be exercised by or under the Board of Directors. It shall be the duty of the Board of
Directors to prescribe the policies for the Chapter subject to Article III,
Section 1, of the Chapter Constitution.
The Board shall have authority to transact all business necessary for
the management and the accomplishment of the objectives and policies of the
Chapter. Minutes of the meetings of the
Board of Directors shall be made and preserved in accordance with the
provisions of Article V, Section 6 of these By-Laws.
Section
2. All
Officers and Committees empowered or authorized by the Board of Directors to
create or incur financial obligations shall, on or before September 1 of each
year, prepare and submit to the Budget and Audit Committee proposed budgets for
the ensuing fiscal year as they may deem necessary and proper to carry out
their respective duties. The Budget and
Audit Committee shall study the proposed budgets and submit its recommendation
on each to the Board of Directors for a vote not later than the Board of
Directors meeting in September of each year.
No Officer or Committee shall have the authority to create or incur any
obligation or make any expenditure not authorized by the Board of Directors.
Section
3. It shall be the duty and
function of the Officers and Directors of the Chapter Board of Directors to
receive and protect the funds, contributions and dues, and to assume and bear
full responsibility, as Officers and Directors, for the funds of the Chapter.
Section
4. The Board of Directors shall
submit an Annual Report to the Chapter membership, which shall include the
financial condition of the Chapter as of the close of the Chapter's current
fiscal year. The Chapter's fiscal year
will be from July 1 of each year to June 30 of the following year.
ARTICLE
V. DUTIES OF OFFICERS
Section
1. President: The Chapter President shall be the Chief
Executive Officer of the Chapter. He/she
shall preside at all meetings of the Chapter and all meetings of the Board of
Directors. He/she shall be responsible
to call special meetings of the Board of Directors, as necessary and
appropriate. He/she shall appoint the
members and chairpersons of all standing and special committees except the
Nominating Committee, subject to the approval of the Board of Directors. The President shall be an ex-officio member
of all standing and special committees except the Nominating Committee. All expenditures must be approved by him/her
before disbursement by the Secretary or Treasurer and he/she shall perform all duties,
bear all responsibilities and enjoy all authority customary to the office of
the President. The President shall
attend the Annual Forum and Exposition if possible. He/she is highly encouraged to obtain
government (member/ employee of the Department of Defense) or company funding
to attend the Forum. If other funding is unavailable, Chapter funds may be
approved by a majority vote of the Board of Directors to pay for the
President's expenses (travel, registration and hotel), in full or in part.
Section 2. First Vice President: The First Vice President shall perform the duties and exercise the functions of the President in his absence or disability, and such other duties and functions as the President and/or the Board of Directors may assign. The First Vice President will normally be appointed as chairperson of the Programs Committee.
Section
3. Second Vice
President: The Second Vice President
shall perform such duties and functions as the President and/or the Board of
Directors may assign. The Second Vice
President will normally be appointed as chairperson of the Membership
Committee.
Section
4. Third Vice
President: The Third Vice President
shall perform such duties and functions as the President and/or the Board of
Directors may assign. The Third Vice
President will normally be appointed as chairperson of the Social Committee.
Section
5. Fourth Vice President:
The Fourth Vice President shall perform such duties and functions as the
President and/or the Board of Directors may assign. The Fourth Vice President will normally be
appointed as chairperson of the Welfare Committee.
Section
6. The Secretary: The Secretary, under the direction of the
President, shall keep the minutes of all meetings of the Board of Directors,
shall maintain a complete record of the membership of the Chapter, maintain a
complete record of correspondence and files of the Chapter, and perform such
other duties as assigned. Files and
correspondence shall be reviewed annually by the Secretary who will recommend to
the President those items to be placed in the Chapter’s historical archives and
those items to be disposed of. A copy
of the minutes of each meeting of the Board of Directors shall be provided to
each member of the Board.
Section
7. The Treasurer: The Treasurer, under the direction of the
President, shall maintain a complete record of all dues and other monies and
securities received by the Chapter.
He/she shall maintain all necessary books or records and inventories
relating to Chapter finances, make regular and special reports of a financial
nature to the Board of Directors at regular and special meetings, and perform
such other duties as assigned by the Board of Directors. The funds of the Chapter shall be kept in
such banks and the securities under such physical custody as the Board of
Directors shall determine.
Section
8. The General
Counsel: The General Counsel may be
appointed by the President and shall perform such legal duties as may be
requested by the President and/or the Board of Directors. He/she will serve as a member of the Board of
Directors.
Section
9. The Financial Advisor:
The Financial Advisor may be appointed by the President and shall perform
financial duties requested by the President and/or the Board of Directors. He/she will serve as a member of the Board of
Directors.
ARTICLE
VI. COMMITTEES
Section
1. The President shall
establish all committees except the Nominating Committee (see Section 4
below). The President shall be an
ex-officio member of all committees except the Nominating Committee.
Section
2. Standing Committees
shall report to the Board of Directors at regular or special meetings of the
Board, and at such other times as the Board may direct.
Section
3. It shall be the duty of
the Budget and Auditing Committee to prepare a budget from 1 Sep to 31 Aug of
each year in conjunction with Officers and Committees empowered or authorized
by the Board of Directors to create or incur financial obligations, in
accordance with Article IV, Section 2, of the Chapter By-Laws. It shall also be the duty of the Budget and
Auditing Committee, by and with the advice and consent of the Board of
Directors, to audit the Treasurer's accounts at the close of the fiscal year
beginning 1 July through 30 June. The results of this audit shall be submitted
to the Board of Directors not later than the second monthly Board meeting and
subsequently reported to the general membership.
Section
4. The
Nominating Committee shall be appointed by the Board of Directors. The President of the Chapter shall not
appoint this committee nor be a member of it - ex-officio or otherwise. The Chairperson of the Nominating Committee
shall normally be a Past President of the Chapter. Any past President or Director may be
appointed by the Board of Directors. The
Nominating Committee shall prepare a slate of nominees to fill the seven (7)
elected Officer positions and the eight (8) Director positions (see Article V,
Section 5, of the Chapter Constitution) plus any vacant elected Director
positions. In considering the total
number of 23 elected positions (16 directors and seven officers), the
nominating committee will strive to ensure representation for each of the four
military installations, Joint Personal Property Shipping Office, local
government, and each major segment of the transport industry, i.e., household
good carriers, motor freight, rail, airlines, air cargo, Commercial Travel
Office and bus. It shall be mandatory that
the Nominating Committee contact each person whom it wishes to nominate, in
order to obtain his/her acceptance of nomination. Candidates will be selected from the active
National Defense Transportation Association membership roster. To ensure a democratic election process is
maintained, it is desirable, but not mandatory, to have more than one candidate
nominated for the offices of President and First Vice President. More than one candidate can be nominated for
any of the elected positions. The
Nominating Committee's slate of nominees will be approved by the Board of
Directors and ballot will be mailed to all members. The ballots will be counted and results
announced at the June Board of Directors meeting with Installation of Officers
and the new Directors at the June General Membership meeting.
Section
5. The
Chairperson of the Welfare Committee will arrange, when appropriate, to send
get-well cards to members, or their immediate family members, who are ill and
confined. In the event of the death of a
member or in the member's immediate family, the Chairperson will send an
appropriate message to the deceased’s family and may send a funeral bouquet, as
appropriate. The Board of Directors may
elect to make a memorial or donation in the name of the deceased. The matter will be brought up at the next
meeting of the Board of Directors.
Section
6. Each year, the Awards
Committee shall ensure all Chapter members receive notice of the call for
nominees in sufficient time to prepare and submit nomination packages prepared
according to the Chapter Awards Handbook by such date that will permit the
Committee to evaluate all submissions, select award-winners and present awards
during the month of May, preferably during National Defense Transportation
Week. Additionally, the Committee shall
prepare and submit the Chapter for local, regional, and national awards
according to the National Awards Handbook.
Section
7. Each year, the
Scholarship Committee shall ensure all Chapter members receive notice of the
Chapter scholarship program containing qualification requirements and
application instructions in sufficient time for interested students to submit
applications by such date that will permit the Committee to evaluate all
applications, select winners and present scholarships during the month of
June. The Committee will also send
notices to area colleges, as appropriate.
Additionally, the Committee will ensure all Chapter members receive
information on how to apply for the National Scholarship Awards.
ARTICLE
VII. INDEMNIFICATION/ AUTHORIZATION
Section
1. In the event that any person who was or is
a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending, or
complete action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative, seeks indemnification from the Corporation against expenses
(including attorney fees), and in the case of actions other than those by or in
the right of the Corporation, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement,
incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding by
reason of the fact that such person is or was a Director, officer, employee or
agent of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation
as a director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation ( domestic or
foreign, non-profit or for profit), partnership, joint venture, trust or other
enterprise, then, unless such indemnification is ordered by a court, the
Corporation shall determine or cause to be determined in the Corporation, the
manner in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas whether or not
indemnification is proper in the circumstances because the person claiming such
indemnification has met the applicable standards of conduct set forth by the
laws of the State of Texas and, to the extent that it is determined that such
indemnification is proper, the person claiming such indemnification shall be
indemnified.
Section 2. Expenses,
including attorney fees, incurred in defending any action, suit, or proceeding
referred to in Paragraph A of this Section, may be paid by the Corporation in
advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding as
authorized by the Corporation in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas
upon receipt by the Corporation of a written affirmation by the Director,
officer, employee or agent of his/her good faith and belief that he/she has met
the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification under the laws of the
State of Texas; (ii) upon receipt by the Corporation of a written undertaking
by or on behalf of the Director, officer, employee or agent to repay such
amount unless it shall ultimately be determined that such person is entitled to
indemnification by the Corporation as authorized in this Article; and (iii)
upon a determination that the facts then known to those making the
determination would not preclude indemnification under this Article or under
the laws of the State of Texas.
Section 3. The
indemnification provided by Paragraph A of this Section shall not be deemed
exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be
entitled under the law or any agreement, vote of disinterested Directors, or
otherwise, both as to action in such person's official capacity and as to
action in another capacity while holding such office, and shall continue as to
a person who has ceased to be a Director, officer, employee or agent, and shall
inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a
person.
ARTICLE
VIII. INDEMNIFICATION/ INSURANCE
Section 1. The
Corporation, to the extent permitted by the laws of the State of Texas, may
purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a
Director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of
the Corporation as a Director, officer, employee or agent of another
corporation (domestic or foreign, non-profit or for profit), partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise.
ARTICLE IX. MISCELLANEOUS
INTERESTED DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND
SHAREHOLDERS
Section
1. (a) Validity. If Paragraph (b) is satisfied, no contract or
other transaction between the Corporation and any of its Directors or officers,
or any corporation or firm in which any of them are directly or indirectly
interested, shall be invalid solely because of this relationship or because of
the presence of the Directors or at the meeting authorizing the contract or
transaction, or his participation or vote in the meeting or authorization.
(b)
Disclosure. Approval,
Fairness…………………………..Paragraph (a) shall apply only if:
(1)
The material facts of the relationship or interest of each such Director or
officer are known or disclosed to the Board of Directors and it nevertheless
authorizes or ratifies the contract or transaction by a majority of the
Directors present, each interested Director to be counted in determining
whether a quorum is present but not in calculating the majority necessary to
carry the vote.
(2)
The contract or transaction is fair to the Corporation as of the time it is
authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors.
(c)
Nonexclusive. This provision shall not be construed to invalidate a contract,
or transaction, which would be valid in the absence of this provision.
ARTICLE
X. PARLIAMENTARY AUTHORITY
Section
1. Except
as otherwise provided in this Constitution and By-Laws, the rules contained in
the current edition of “Robert's Rules of Order, Newly Revised,” shall govern
the Chapter in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they are not
inconsistent with the Constitution and By-Laws of either the Chapter or the
National Association and any special rules of order either body may adopt.
ARTICLE
XI. AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS
Section
1. These
By-Laws may be amended at any regular or special General Membership meeting;
provided such amendment has previously been approved by the Board of Directors
and submitted in writing in advance to the general-membership for review.
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