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The List Fiend ™Lists & Lists… ™ Hibiscus Species, Varieties, and Cultivars ™
A Community Garden of Hibiscus Enthusiasts' Suggestions

Arranged By Categories In Alphabetized Lists

To the confusion of many people around the globe, there are numerous species, varieties, and cultivars labeled under the HIBISCUS name. However, the word HIBISCUS is most often associated with the renowned tropical species, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, for which there are over 5,000 registered cultivars.

Please use these lists with the precaution that they represent only one guide to the enjoyment of HIBISCUS plants, particularly, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Growing conditions, uses, local availability, and personal preferences for HIBISCUS differ dramatically throughout the world. As such, caveat emptor, individual opinions and experiences can vary widely!!!

(Last updated: May 8, 1999)

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The List Fiend's ™... List For Using These Hibiscus Lists

This special Introductory Page provides some helpful hints for using this Lists & Lists…™ web site. For instance, it contains a brief taxonomic discussion about the Malvaceae plant family, and its genus, Hibiscus. You will find your pre-reading of this material to be time well-spent... before you scavenge the ol' Fiend's ™ handiwork below!

 

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A Hyperlink List of Contents

Varieties and Cultivars of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.:

{A Tropical Member of the Malvaceae Plant Family in the Genus, Hibiscus}

{Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. — (Pronounced: hi- biss' cuss ro' za- sii- nen' siss). Also, China Rose, China-Rose, Rose of China, Rose-of-China, Chinese Hibiscus, Shoe Black Plant, Shoe Flower, Blacking Plant, Sehem-pariti, Hibiscus, Hawaiian Hibiscus, Hawaiian Flower, Hibiscus chinensis, Tropical Hibiscus, or Queen of the Tropics. Other languages: Hibiskukset, Chinese roos, Schoensmeerplant, Rose de chine, Chinesischer Roseneibisch, Ibisco, Rosa della Cina, Rosa de China, Hibisco, Cayena, Clavel Japonés, Bussoge, Ch'Ih Chin, Chu Chin, Feuilles Choublak, Gumamela, Khatmah Siniyah, Ru Sang, Bunga raya, Cayena, Cin Gulu, Fu Sang, Jih Chi, or Woro-wari}

Definitions

Garden-Variety Cultivars

Hybrid-Grafted Cultivars

Other H. rosa-sinensis Lists

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Other Malvaceae & Hibiscus Species & Varieties:

{Selected Non-tropical & Tropical Members of the Malvaceae Plant Family — With Hibiscus Appearance/Characteristics}

Definitions

Selected Members of the Malvaceae Family: Hibiscus Genus

Selected Members of the Malvaceae Family: Non-Hibiscus Genuses

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Varieties and Cultivars of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

{A Tropical Member of the Malvaceae Plant Family in the genus, Hibiscus}

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Pronounced: hi- biss' cuss ro' za- sii- nen' siss.)

{Also, China Rose, China-Rose, Rose of China, Rose-of-China, Chinese Hibiscus, Shoe Black Plant, Shoe Flower, Blacking Plant, Sehem-pariti, Hibiscus, Hawaiian Hibiscus, Hawaiian Flower, Hibiscus chinensis, Tropical Hibiscus, or Queen of the Tropics. Other languages: Hibiskukset, Chinese roos, Schoensmeerplant, Rose de Chine, Chinesischer Roseneibisch, Ibisco, Rosa della Cina; Rosa de China, Hibisco, Cayena, Clavel Japonés; Rosa-da-Chinal, Bussoge, Ch'Ih Chin, Chu Chin, Feuilles Choublak, Gumamela, Khatmah Siniyah, Ru Sang, Bunga raya, Cayena, Cin Gulu, Fu Sang, Jih Chi, or Woro-war}

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. is a complex member of the genus, Hibiscus, within the Malvaceae plant family (which includes okra, cotton, and hollyhock). As currently defined by taxonomy,

" H. rosa-sinensis is, in reality, a highly polymorphic group composed of complex hybrids and their derivatives. While its hybrid origin and the subsequent range of color and form which may be produced from one cross heighten the interest in hybridizing as a garden hobby, it also suggests to the taxonomist that it should now be referred to as Hibiscus x rosa-sinensis to represent properly its hybrid nature."

{Source: The Hibiscus Handbook, Third Edition; publication of the American Hibiscus Society Charitable Trust; ©1990 American Hibiscus Society, P.O. Box 321540, Cocoa Beach, FL 32932; p. 31.}

There are a tremendous number of variations in both single and double forms extant. Although there are no known original examples in the wild, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. is considered to have originated in the Indian Ocean area. All of its variants are tropical or semi-tropical, and H. rosa sinensis can be found today throughout the warmer parts of the world. Reproduction of hybridized plants is primarily through cuttings, air-layering, or cell tissue cultures since the seed of H. rosa-sinensis usually produce progeny that display different characteristics from their parents.

Single blooms typically have five petals with a 'staminal' tube bearing 60-70 stamens that surround the style and five stigma pads. The basic flower also consists of a five cell ovary, five teeth on the calyx, and five to ten bracts. The full and crested doubles are identical but have extra petals in addition to the basic five. A few of the basic types have a slight scent — most of them closely related to Hibiscus arronottianus {a genetically compatible, native Hawaiian species}. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers are somewhat unique in that they do not require water and usually last only one day during the warmer months (A few cultivars bloom, however, two or even three days.) Bloom sizes commonly vary from 3" to 8" with even larger sizes appearing on some hybrids. Color combinations and flower forms are extraordinarily mixed in an almost endless variation of shade and petal arrangement. (Black and a true blue are the only hues not currently available in the hibiscus world)

Plant growth structures of different H. rosa-sinensis cultivars can range from sprawling and semi-prostrate to tall and upright. Heights can vary from about three feet to twenty-five feet. Widths are proportionately smaller. For beach locations, salt tolerance is fair.

In the landscape, these tender plants are considered suitable only for near-tropical climates. Within the United States, outdoor plantings of H. rosa-sinensis are recommended for USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) zones 9b-11, or Sunset zones (USA) 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, & 19-26 These climate zones generally exist only in South and Central Florida, other portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast, California, and Hawaii. Of course, in pots and with appropriate winter protection, these plants may be grown anywhere one has the will and resources to do so!

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Garden-Variety Cultivars

Hibiscus labeled as Garden-Variety are vigorous enough to be grown on-their-own-root. Garden-Varieties (botanically, cultivars not varieties) are typically easier to maintain and propagate, and they are thus much more common than Hybrid-Grafted hibiscus. Many of these shrubs are particularly suited for landscape plantings.

Garden-Variety hibiscus are also used in bonsai. Typically, bonsai utilizes the older cultivars with small leaves, small branches, and compact growth characteristics. A certain few Garden-Varieties bloom on older (two-four year) wood -- a good trait if one desires flowering bonsai. (For untested possibilities, see the list of Best Garden-Variety Candidates For Pots & Window Culture.)

It should be noted that some hibiscus plants fall into a middle range in which grafting onto stronger rootstock is sometimes used to improve vitality and bloom performance, but is not absolutely necessary. When appropriate, a grafting optional notation appears in the description of a variety or cultivar.

 

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Beginner's Sampling of Garden-Variety Cultivars:

Beginners often seek attractive, well-balanced hibiscus plants that are easy to maintain, tolerant of mistakes, and enjoyable to share with friends.

 

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Experienced Hobbyist's Sampling of Garden-Variety Cultivars:

Experienced Hobbyists usually are looking for greater novelty and challenge from their hibiscus. Cultivars suitable for hybridizing would be one example. However, these experienced growers still desire strong production and easy maintenance from their plants.

 

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Sampling of Best Garden-Variety Candidates For Landscape Planting:

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is one of the most popular and widely used shrubs in USDA zones 9b-11 and other near-tropical and tropical climates. Landscape uses for hibiscus include foundation plantings, espaliers, informal hedges and screens, or specimen bushes. Salt tolerance is fair.

Growth habit, growth size, environmental suitability, flower form, and flower color usually determine choices for varieties and cultivars. Hibiscus selected for this landscape list are vigorous and tend to be noted less for their single, spectacular flowers than their overall appearance, ease-of-maintenance, and bloom quantity throughout the year.

 

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Best Garden-Variety Candidates For Pots & Window Culture:

{Typically, slower growing, smaller flower varieties}

This list is for enthusiasts (whimsically called Pot Shufflers) who often must labor very hard at plant survival and maintenance. Their difficult goal is to select hibiscus that are most likely to provide enjoyment while economizing personal time, space, and money. Typically, Garden-Varieties are the most frequent first experiences for non-tropical gardeners. As these people get more serious about a Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hobby, they move to the usually less hardy, but more dramatic, hybrid bloomers.

Pot Shufflers must grow tropical Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in pots that are typically placed outside in summer and in a home or greenhouse during the winter months. These special climate conditions require very hardy, well-behaved, free blooming plants. Sudden, extreme changes in micro-climate (such as temperature, humidity, moisture, and nutrients) can expose a plant to torturous conditions. Thus, Pot Shufflers can experience problems with plant performance such as fungi, insects, and other challenges that the tropical gardener never encounters.

 

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Best Of The Rest… Garden-Variety Cultivars:

This list contains an expanded selection of Garden-Variety hibiscus that might fit into any of the Garden-Variety Lists & Lists... ™ categories or none. All are plants of note that have found favor with various individuals/groups over different times and climates. In addition, they exhibit some unusual characteristic(s) that makes them treasured specimens.

 

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Best Of The Rest… Garden-Variety Cultivars:

This list contains an expanded selection of Garden-Variety hibiscus that might fit into any of the Garden-Variety Lists & Lists... ™ categories or none. All are plants of note that have found favor with various individuals/groups over different times and climates. In addition, they exhibit some unusual characteristic(s) that makes them treasured specimens.

 

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Garden-Variety Cultivars Frequently Sold By U.S.A. Mass Merchants:

Many florists and United States mass merchants (e.g., Walmart, Home Depot, Lowe's, Target, K-Mart) sell low cost, quick turn plants of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in many of their markets. Frequently,these bushy, full-pot hibiscus have two-five rootings planted inside which is done to create the impression of a hibiscus that would normally be one-two years old... if it were a single cutting. (Such plants should be enjoyed in a single planting, as purchased, and only divided into separate hibiscus after six-twelve months of ownership.)

Retail consumers typically purchase small 8 inch pots, large 3-5 gallon containers, hanging baskets, large single stemmed standards, etc. through mass-market vendors. These Garden-Variety (or own root) hibiscus are sold to be used as indoor specimens, annual plantings, or patio containers. Often, it is common for many of these plants to be unidentified as to cultivar (or, worse, mis-named). The hibiscus list below is intended to help the public identify these pretty, but mysterious plants.

It should be noted that plants sold in climates suitable for year-round hibiscus cultivation (USDA zones 9-b to 11) tend to include a greater selection, including some Grafted-Hybrids. These hibiscus are more likely to be properly labeled and grown, particularily since they are likely to come from local growers familiar with local conditions and customs.

***** Cautionary Note: Many people want an inexpensive, convenient, pretty hibiscus for a few weeks of enjoyment. The plants sold through many mass merchants and florists serve this purpose well.

However, serious hibiscus enthusiasts should purchase these mass-production hibiscus plants with caution. As standard procedure, wholesale nurseries often treat these shrubs during early development with special chemicals (e.g., growth regulators: Chlormequat, Cycocel, B-Nine, etc.). Such chemicals restrict bush growth — without diminishing flowering wood.

The wholesale nursery is thus able to produce what is often sold as a dwarf, table-top, or florist-grade hibiscus. However, the long term effect of such cultivation practices is either pre-mature death or an extended period of very erratic growth as the hibiscus tries to re-stabilize itself as a balanced botanical organism.

These specially-treated hibiscus are compact, green, and bloom-covered, and they will indeed provide dramatic performance for the first month or two of ownership. Unfortunately, these quick turn techniques (e.g., use of growth regulators: Chlormequat, Cycocel, B-Nine, etc.) can also irreparably damage these hibiscus plants for extended use. (Please also note that grafting onto these unstable plants is not recommended for at least one to two years after purchase.)

No doubt many potential hibiscus enthusiasts become discouraged as their exciting new plant(s) gradually loses vigor and appearance — despite their best efforts.

For the true hibiscus enthusiast with a long term perspective, many hibiscus bushes raised for mass market sale do not usually produce an uneventful or cheap plant care experience. Caveat emptor! *****

 

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Garden-Variety Hibiscus With A Slight Scent:

Unlike the older rose cultivars (various Rosa Spp. of the Rosaceae family), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers do not match their wonderful color and form with a strong, beautiful fragrance. Probably (as with later rose hybrids), the scent has been lost in today's cultivars of Hibiscus x rosa-sinensis due to its long, extensive history of hybridization.

Only one genetically compatible species (Hibiscus arronottianus) is known to have an aroma. Originating on the volcanic slopes of the Hawaiian Islands, H. arronottiannus has a very pleasant scent for the first day of its two day bloom cycle. A few garden-variety cultivars of H. rosa sinensis, probably with a close parentage to H. arronottiannus, possess a slight perfume immediately after opening.

 

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Garden-Variety Hibiscus Commonly Used As Rootstock:

Many years of trial and error have established the plants below as excellent rootstock for weaker Hibiscus rosa-sinensis scion. Typically, these hardy, vigorous plants have strong root systems. They are also of ancient origin, or even, separate but closely related species.

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Hybrid-Grafted Cultivars

Hibiscus cultivars, labeled as Hybrid-Grafted, have weak root or plant characteristics. A graft of hybrid scion to a sturdy, proven rootstock can minimize those problems that otherwise might make a plant non-viable. In fact, many modern hybrids are a slightly more sensitive to fungi, insects, and bacterial/viral diseases, than the older Hybrid-Grafted or the Garden-Variety cultivars.

Some hibiscus plants fall into a middle range where grafting onto stronger rootstock is not necessary. However, a graft to sturdy understock can still improve vitality and bloom performance, but is not absolutely necessary. When appropriate, a grafting optional notation appears in the description of a cultivar.

 

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Beginner's Sampling of Hybrid-Grafted Cultivars:

Beginners often seek attractive, well-balanced hibiscus plants that are easy to maintain, tolerant of mistakes, and enjoyable to share with friends.

 

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Experienced Hobbyist's Sampling of Hybrid-Grafted Cultivars:

Experienced Hobbyists usually are looking for greater variance and challenge from their hibiscus. Examples would be cultivars suitable for hybridizing or showing at A.H.S. events. However, these experienced growers still desire strong production and easy maintenance from their plants.

 

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Collectors' Sampling of Hybrid-Grafted Cultivars:

Serious Collectors typically want one of everything, particularly, the odd, unusual, and rare. Hibiscus examples that might attract a collector's interest include the biggest, best, smallest, strangest, and wildest-colored bloom (for example, browns and greens).

 

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Best Hybrid-Grafted Candidates For Pots & Window Culture:

{Typically, slower growing, smaller flower varieties}

This list is for enthusiasts (whimsically called Pot Shufflers) who often must labor very hard at plant survival and maintenance. Their difficult goal is to select hibiscus that are most likely to provide enjoyment while economizing personal time, space, and money. Typically, Garden-Varieties are the most frequent first experiences of non-tropical gardeners. As these people get more serious about a Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hobby, they move to the usually less hardy, but more dramatic, hybrid bloomers.

Pot Shufflers must grow tropical Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in pots that are typically placed outside in summer and in a home or greenhouse during the winter months. These special climate conditions require very hardy, well-behaved, free blooming plants. Sudden, extreme changes in micro-climate (such as temperature, humidity, moisture, and nutrients) can expose a plant to torturous conditions. Pot Shufflers can thus experience problems with plant performance, fungi, insects and other challenges that the tropical gardener never encounters.

 

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Best Of The Rest… Hybrid-Grafted Cultivars:

This list contains an expansive smorgasbord of hibiscus hybrids that might fit into any of the Hybrid-Grafted Lists & Lists ...™ categories or none. All are plants that have found favor with various individuals or groups in different times or climates. These hybrids may also exhibit some unusual characteristic(s) that makes them especially prized.

 

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Extremely Difficult To Grow… But Exceptionally Beautiful, Unusual, or Genetically Important Hybrid-Grafted Hibiscus:

Expert growers maintain these very demanding, often infrequently blooming hibiscus… with great difficulty. These cultivars have particularly noteworthy characteristics for hybridizers, serious collectors, or A.H.S. Show competitors that motivate these determined people to accept the challenge that these plants demand.

 

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A Sampling of New Hybrid Seedlings That Show Early Promise For The Future:

These are just a very few of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivar seedlings that hybridizers' have recently developed. These seedlings are typically entered into American Hibiscus Society shows, provided to the A.H.S. Seedling Committee for evaluation, or placed directly into commerce. The 3-5 year old cultivars listed below have earned special respect from A.H.S. Seedling Committee members, judges, or experts of well-earned respect. These new cultivars, however, have not yet established themselves as consistent, balanced performers, suitable for inclusion in one of the mainstream list categories. (Note: Since they still must prove their long-term value, many of these hibiscus may not be publicly available yet.)

 

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Other H. rosa-sinensis Lists

A Starter List Of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Suggestions For Beginning Hybridizers:

Beginning hybridizers should find that this list provides examples of parents from which early breeding success is likely. (Success, here, means good potential for seed pod development with fertile seeds.) Actually, even seasoned hybridizers use proven seeders (mothers) to produce new, outstanding cultivars, experimenting only with the pollen parent (father). This practice increases the chance that any one cross-pollination attempt will generate fertile seed.

Production of truly strong, consumer-friendly, award-winning cultivars is a black art requiring a great deal of luck, forethought, and patience. A basic knowledge of general botanical and genetic processes is helpful for a hybridization hobby. Diligent record keeping in a hybridizer's studbook of all crosses, parentage, observations, etc. is an absolute must. Serious study of the American and Australian Nomenclatures is also essential for planning hybridizing themes. Typically, new hybridizers need good advice from an experienced mentor for the first 2-3 years.

The list below includes a few Garden-Variety as well as Hybrid-Grafted candidates for potential hybridization . However, most fertile Garden-Variety cultivars produce only very similar off-spring to their very dominent, sub-species parents (i.e., colors, size, and form).

Note: Nomenclature practice is to list Seeder (mother) first, and Pollen Parent (father) second. In other words, the format used below is {Parents: mother x father}.

 

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A Partial List Of Species Compatible With Hibiscus-rosa sinensis L.:

This closely compatible grouping of species produce hybrid off-spring. They are tropical shrubs and small trees found in South Asia, East Africa, Madagascar, and Polynesia. It is thought that various natural and human crosses of these compatible plants over thousands of years (but especially the last hundred & fifty) have produced the complex species known today as Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

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Other Malvaceae & Hibiscus Species & Varieties:

{Selected Non-tropical & Tropical Members of the Malvaceae Plant Family — With Hibiscus Appearance/Characteristics}

The Malvaceae (or Mallow) family is a large group of flowering, mainly herbaceous plants from the order, Malvales. Economically and horticulturially important, this family encompasses 95 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees of which Hibiscus is but one. Other Malvaceae genera include: Abelmoschus (e.g., okra), Abuitilon (e.g., chinese lantern & flowering maple), Althaea (e.g., hollyhock), Gossypium (e.g., cotton), Malva (e.g., mallow), Sidalcea (e.g., checkerbloom). Malvaceae representatives grow world-wide in all, except the most extreme, climates.

Named for the Greek word for marsh-mallow, hibiskos, the Hibiscus genus has approximately 300 very diverse, tropical and sub-tropical species. Horticulturially, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is perhaps the best known throughout the world because of its distinctly beautiful flowers. These H. rosa-sinensis blooms share many characteristics with the flowers other Malvaceae species.

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Selected Members of the Malvaceae Family: Hibiscus Genus

Hibiscus acetosella Welw.

{Synonym: Hibiscus eetveldianus. Also, Red Leaf Hibiscus, False Roselle, African Rose Mallow, or African Red Mallow}

From tropical Africa, Red Leaf Hibiscus grows on 6-7 foot, perennial stalks that are framed with showy red/bronze, maple-like (five-lobed) leaves — which are this plant's primary attraction. The plant is topped with mauve, or red-striped, yellow flowers with a dark-red eye. Following fertilization, hairy seed pods can be found enclosed in a red, ribbed calyx. Red Leaf Hibiscus blooms from late summer till winter — after which the Red Leaf Hibiscus stalks should be cut to the ground. Red Leaf Hibiscus is also grown as an annual in pots, pruned to an attractive shape. This plant is frequently confused with Hibiscus sabdariffa (or Roselle). However, its calyx is not fleshy like Roselle's and only the young, acid flavored leaves are used for culinary purposes. Propagation is mainly through seed planted in the spring.

 

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Hibiscus arnottianus Gray

{Also, Wilder's White, Tantalus White, or Koki'o Ke'oke'o. Not to be confused with another Hawaiian species, Hibiscus kokio, with a common name of Koli'o}

Native to the volcanic slopes of Hawaii, Hibiscus arnottianus has been crossed many times with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and its genetically compatible species (See the Related Species List), to produce successful hybrids. It is also frequently used as a rootstock for H. rosa-sinensis. A small, attractive tree of 10-25 feet produces two day, white flowers with a long, red staminal column and beautiful fragrance. Short spurs of old wood produce its flowers, so significant pruning is only recommended every 4-5 years. Hibiscus arnottianus should be kept under warmer and better drained growing conditions than H. rosa-sinensis. Propagation is through seed planted in the spring or through easily grown cuttings.

 

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Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav.

{Synonyms: Hibiscus calycinus or Hibiscus rockii. Also, Lemon-eyed Rose Mallow}

H. calyphyllus is a perennial shrub that grows 3-6 feet tall with a prostrate and straggly bush. Its 5-6 inch flowers are sulfur yellow with a deep brownish or crimson eye. H. calyphyllus blooms from late spring through the summer with flowers that last only a few hours. Considered a useful garden plant, it is often planted in tubs and rock gardens where its prostrate form serves an advantage. Propagation is from soft tip cuttings taken in the summer or from seed sown in the spring. This hibiscus plant requires full sun and a light, well-drained soil.

 

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Hibiscus cameronii

{Pink Hibiscus}

H. cameronii is a soft wooded shrub of 3-6 feet. Flowers are 3-4 inches of soft apricot pink to flushed pink with a rose or reddish purple center. This attractive, free-flowering shrub grows in warmer climates. Seeds are planted in the spring or soft tip cuttings taken in the summer and grafted in the spring. H. cameronii may be intercrossed or grafted to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

 

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Hibiscus cannabinus L.

{Also, Kenaf, Guinea Hemp, Mesta, Deccan Hemp, Indian Hemp, Brown Indian Hemp, Wild Stockrose, Ambari, Java-jute, Bimli-jute, Bastard-jute, Chanvre de Bombay, Gambohanf, Dekkanhanf, Ambari, or Ambari Hemp}

Kenaf is a subtropical/tropical species native throughout Africa and grown since ancient times in India. A number of varieties exist or have been developed. Kenaf is sometimes grown as a commercial crop in South Texas and other Gulf states of the USA. Hairy seeds, from one to two inch conical fruit, are planted in field rows and develop over four months into fifteen foot stalks. Kenaf is harvested in the fall when it is cut-off at the ground and dried in the field. Later, during processing, bast fiber is separated from the inner core or xylem. Uses include high quality papers, animal bedding, particle board, oil-absorbent products, poultry litter, plant potting medium, ethanol, etc. Its fibre is also used as a Jute substitute.

 

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Hibiscus coccineus Walt.

{Synonym: Hibiscus semilobatus. Also, Texas Star, Scarlet Rose Mallow, Native Red Hibiscus, and other names}

H. coccineus is a perennial in the Deep South of the USA. Division or planting the numerous seed, produced in autumn, are the usual means of propagation. Seed or plant swapping with a neighbor is a common source. Local nurseries sometimes carry these plants. H. coccineus is not as hardy as H. mutabilis and H. moscheutos. It grows best in USDA zones 5-10 zone 4, if protected. In colder areas, the roots are sometimes lifted and stored in a cold frame or cellar; otherwise, seedlings are planted after the last chance of frost.

 

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Hibiscus glaber

{Also, Hamabo — not to be confused with the Hibiscus syriacus cultivar of same name}

Found in the Okinawa island group, Hibiscus glaber is a branching shrub attaining 6-10 feet. It is similar to Hibiscus tiliaceus or Sea Hibiscus differing mainly in leaf petal formation. The heart-shaped leaves are a light green in contrast to 2-3 ˝ inch bright yellow, flowers. The blooms also have a purple/red basal spot and change color during the day to an orange. Like H. tiliaceus, this plant does very well in coastal locations exposed to salt-laden winds. Preferring full sun and rich, well-drained soil, it makes a good specimen bush or a hedge flowering in the summer and fall. Propagation is typically through hardwood cuttings in late spring.

 

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Hibiscus insularis

{No common name known}

Found only on Phillip Island in the Pacific, Hibiscus insularis is a densely bushy shrub that has light green foliage and reaches twelve feet. Its flowers are 2 ˝ - 3 ˝ inches of pale lemon with a light purplish crimson eye that slowly turns light purplish rose. The bright crimson stigma pods are proportionally large in relation to the flower. Prolific blooms are produced in late summer and fall that remain on the plant for several days. H. insularis grows well as a hedge and windbreak in coastal conditions since it is salt-resistant. It likes full sun and all but the poorest soil. Propagate seedlings from hardwood cuttings in late spring or seed sown in spring.

 

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Hibiscus kokio Hbd.

{Also, Native Red Rose Mallow, St. John's Rose Mallow, Red Hibiscus, Clay Hibiscus, or Koli'o. Not to be confused with another Hawaiian species, H. arronotius, with a common name of Kok'io Ke'oke'o}

Native to Hawaii, Hibiscus kokio has been crossed many times with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and its genetically compatible species (See the Related Species List), to produce successful hybrids. Its bush produces red flowers with some yellow. Propagation is through seed planted in the spring or through easily grown cuttings.

 

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Hibiscus laevis All.

{Synonym: Hibiscus militaris Cav. Also, Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow, Halberd-leaved Mallow, Soldier Rose Mallow, or Soldier Mallow}

Native in the Eastern USA from Pennsylvania across to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas, Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow is a native of wet places, such as marshes where it grows in heavy, wet soil in full sunlight. Blooms are isolated on an up-right, open bush composed of haberd-shaped leaves. The flowers are a pink-tinted white with a maroon throat. The plant thrives in wet, sunny, natural locations and is sometimes planted on roadsides. Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow blooms from summer till autumn. Propagation is by seeds and cuttings. It is hardy from USDA zones 4-9.

 

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Hibiscus moscheutos L.

{Also, Mallow, Marsh Mallow, Sea Hollyhock, Water Mallow, Mallow Rose, Swamp Rose Mallow, Mallow, Perennial Hibiscus, Common Rose Mallow, Crimson-eyed Rose Mallow, Rose Mallow, Rose-Mallow, Rosemallow, Wild Cotton, Dinnerplate Hibiscus, or Frisbee Hibiscus}

True Hibiscus moscheutos is a native perennial species in United States coastal marshes from Georgia to Texas. While its flowers are quite dramatic, this species is not usually used for landscaping because of its unattractive plant.

However, since the early 1900's, successful hybridization of H. moscheutos with the progeny of cousins Hibiscus coccineus, Hibiscus militaris, and Hibiscus grandiflorus has produced several widely-used F1 hybrids — notably, Southern Belle and Dixie Belle. Planted in the spring, the H. moscheutos hybrids are available as seed from catalogue companies such as Park's, Burpee's, etc. in the USA. Propagation is also possible from tip cuttings and root division. Local temperate and semi-tropical nurseries sometimes offer H. moscheutos in pots. These hybrids are best grown in rich, well-drained soil with full sun and copious amounts of water and fertilizer. Staking of these weak stemed plants is necessary. At the end of autumn, these perennials should be cut back to 3-6 inches above ground level and covered with mulch. In the spring, protection of the tender new shoots from insects is essential. H. moscheutos hybrids are appropriate choices for USDA zones 5-10. They are not suitable for tropical climes.

Modern Mallow Cultivars Propagated From Seed:

Modern Mallow Cultivars Propagated From Cuttings:

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Hibiscus mutabilis L.

{Synonym: Hibiscus sinensis. Also, Confederate Rose, Cotton Rose, Dixie Rose Mallow, Fuyo, or confusingly, Rose of Sharon}

Confederate Rose is a deciduous bush with tall, vigorous growth, abundant branching, and dense foliage. Its gray-green leaves are pubescent and of 5-lobed serate form approximately four to five inches long. During the fall, Confederate Rose blooms prolifically with a flower that is a full, four inch double -- opening white in the morning and changing to crimson by nightfall.

In the USA's Deep South, Confederate Rose is a frequent landscape planting that is pruned back to the ground after first frost. Hardwood cuttings, taken in autumn, are the usual means of propagation. Local nurseries sometimes offer Confederate Rose. Seed or plant swapping with a neighbor is another common source. There are several sub-species and varieties available. Widely revered in their native East Asia, especially in China's Szechwan Province and Japan, these plants thrive in USDA zones 7-10.

 

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Hibiscus peduncutus

{No common name known}

Hibiscus peduncutus grows in Mozambique and South Africa in lightly shaded conditions or clearings. It is a soft-wooded shrub that ranges from three to six feet. The foliage, consisting of small, hairy, three-lobed leaves, develops on the upper part of the plant. Small 2-3" rose/purple blooms appear profusely over an extended period. The species is may be grown from seed sown in the spring or purchased occasionally from garden centers. The leaves and masses of colorful flowers make this a very desirable plant in the tropical areas for which it is adapted. In colder climates, it is used as an annual that provides late summer blooms.

 

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Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

{Also, Roselle, Rosella, Florida Cranberry, The October Hibiscus, Jamaican Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Jamaica Flower, Jamaican Sorrel, Indian Sorrel; Roselle; Red Sorrel; Sorrel, Quimbombo Chino, Rosa de Jamaica, Flor de Jamaica, Jamaica Agria, Jamaica, Java Jute, Karkade, Cardade, Oseille de Guinée, Malventee, Serení, Acedera de Guinea, DamBut Dam, or ChuaMe Dat}

Widely distributed throughout the tropics, Roselle's fruity flesh and cranberry-tasting juice produce a variety of different foods, including health foods, sauces, jellies, iced drinks, and herb teas. Landscaping is another use for Roselle. A 4-5 foot shrub, commercial and personal growers often treat this plant as an annual. Its flowers are light yellow, sometimes with pink, and a dark red eye, and they open, after growing through long, hot summers, when the days become shorter. The calyx becomes fleshy and enlarged creating a bright red, acid fruit of 1 Ľ inches. Frost-free locations with full sun and rich, well-drained soil provide ideal conditions for Roselle which is often planted like tomato plants, 18 inches apart in rows. Sometimes, Roselle and an entirely different species, Hibiscus acetosella (Red Leaf Hibiscus, False Roselle, etc.), are mistaken for each other. Propagation is through its light brown, kidney-shaped seeds in the spring.

 

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Hibiscus schizopetalus

{Also, Chinese Lantern, Japanese Lantern, Japanese Hibiscus, Fringed Hibiscus, Fringed Rose Mallow, Schizopetalus, Skeleton Hibiscus, Coral Hibiscus, Waltzing Ladies, Aloalo Ko'ako'a, or Fuchsiodes}

This weeping shrub from East Africa & Madagascar (where it can attain 8-12 feet in height) produces a fringed, dangling, coral-pink flower with a long staminal column. Chinese Lantern is very popular in tropical climates. Pots, usually kept in warm greenhouses, are used to grow Chinese Lantern in colder climates. Culture should be warmer and better drained than for H. rosa-sinensis. Chinese Lantern's pollen is compatible with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and the progeny produced from numerous crosses usually maintain a tendency toward lessor fringed flowers. Chinese Lantern produces flowers on old wood so growers prune severely only every 4-5 years. Propagation is through hard wood cuttings in the spring.

 

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Hibiscus splendens

{Also, Holly Hock Tree}

Native to the Australian East Coast where it is considered one of the most beautiful of native plants, the Holly Hock Tree is a large shrub/tree that attains 23 feet. Its velvet-covered, stems carry large leaves marked with3-5 deep lobes. At the top of this small tree, its leaves are usually simpler in appearance. Flowers are soft rose to pale pink, with crimson at the base of the style. Wine-colored stigmas and antlers set off a superbly beautiful bloom. They cover the plant in a profusion of color. A semi-tropical/tropical species, it is easily grown in rich, well-drained soil protected from strong winds. Sun to semi-shade are ideal and it will compete strongly with other plants for space in the landscape. Propagation is from seeds or from hardwood cuttings taken in the fall. It is found occasionally in nurseries.

 

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Hibiscus syriacus L.

{Also, Rose of Sharon, Syrian Rose, Althea Rose, Shrub Althea, Shrubby Althea, Althea, Mukuge, or Huchisu}

Rose of Sharon (trees and bushes) probably originated in Eastern Asia, not Syria. Plants are available from local nurseries in temperate and semi-tropical areas. They are also sometimes available as seed from catalogue companies such as Park's, Burpee's, etc. in the USA. Widely planted in Europe and Asia, these varieties are not tropical, and should be grown in USDA zones 5-10 (zone 4, if protected) or Sunset zones (USA) 2-21, 26 (northern part), 28-41.

Modern Althea Varieties With Good Plant Habit & Few Seedpods:

Other Notable Althea Varieties:

 

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Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

{Also, Sea Hibiscus, Cotton Tree, Hau, Cottonwood, Lagoon Hibiscus, Majagua, Mahaguaor, Bladder Ketmia, Linden Hibiscus, Hawaiian Tree Hibiscus, Mountain Mahoe, or Mahoe}

Sea Hibiscus is a perennial tree grown throughout the tropics including South Florida. Landscape, and commercial by-products are the common uses for this salt-tolerant tree. The height and width of its bush can reach fifteen feet. Yellow flowers open for two days gradually turning orange or brownish pink. Strickly for warm climates, Sea Hibiscus blooms from summer to autumn and requires a great deal of water. Propagation occurs through seed, air layering, cuttings, and, sometimes, grafts of selected varieties in the spring.

Sea Hibiscus is also used in bonsai. Typically, bonsai utilizes varieties with small leaves, small branches, and compact growth characteristics.

 

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Hibiscus trionum L.

{Also, Flower of an Hour, Flower of the Hour, bladder ketmia, Stundeneibisch, or Venice Mallow}

Originating in Central Africa, Flower of the Hour grows about two feet tall. This plant bears two inch, white to pale yellow blooms with a dark center. The flowers close in shade, and, typically, bloom only a fraction of a day. Sometimes considered a weed in North America, Flower of the Hour is an easily naturalized annual that is planted with seed obtained from gardening centers. Seed or plant swapping with a neighbor is another common source.

Commonly available varieties:

 

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Selected Members of the Malvaceae Family: Non-Hibiscus Genera

 

Abelmoschus exculentus (L.) Medik.

{Synonym & Formerly: Hibiscus esculentus L. Also, Okra, Gombo, Lady's Fingers, Kopi Arab, Kacang Bendi, or Gumbo}

Native to Africa, Okra is an tropical herb. It's short bush has multiple stems containing five-lobbed, pubescent leaves. Okra produces small, hibiscus-like flowers of pale yellow with a dark maroon eye. Okra is grown in vegetable gardens as a tender annual beginning in late spring. There are a tremendous number of varieties extant, which have been bred primarily for the characteristics of the pod -- its primary interest. The okra pod contains many seed carried in a soft, long tapered seed case which varies in length, size, and color (green is prominent) according to variety. Propagation is through the sowing of its small, black seed, usually purchased through garden centers and other agriculturial sources. In cooking, okra is a popular vegetable, as well as a thickener and flavor-enhancer, in the Southern US and the Carribean.

 

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Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik.

{Synonym & Formerly: Hibiscus abelmoschus L. Also, Silk Flower, Musk Okra, Musk Mallow, Ambrette, Tropical Jewel-hibiscus}

Silk Flower is a bushy plant of about 1 1/2 feet in width and height. It produces 3-5 inch blooms of either cherry red or pink with white centers. Its flowers closely resemble its tropical cousin Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. A good summer bloomer, Silk Flower seed are planted after last frost in sunny, well-drained soil. In colder climates, seed are sometimes started indoors 1 1/2 to 2 months before planting. In fact, Silk Flower will flower if potted and placed in a well-lighted window. The plant begins blooming about 100 days after planting and continues until cold weather.

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Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.

{Synonym & Formerly: Hibiscus manihot L. Also, Yellow Hibiscus, Sunset Musk Mallow, or Huang Chin}

Known as an edible hibiscus, this obscure Chinese species is a tropical perennial, half-shrub that can reach 6 feet in height. A. manihot's flowers are three-five inches, yellow to white in color, and have a dark red eye. The edible leaves have a large ovate shape with five to nine lobes. Several varieties exist of the species in which the lobes of the leaf can vary in depth and leaf color can range from sulfur yellow to very dark green. This plant prefers full sun and rich, moist soil. Propagation occurs through seed sown in the spring or root division. The leaves of Abelmoschus manihot are highly nutritious, and are commonly used in salads, stir-fry, stews, and soups.

 

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Alogyne huegelii

{Synonyms: Hibiscus wrayae, or Formerly, Hibiscus huegelii. Also, Blue Hibiscus or Desert Rose}

Blue Hibiscus is frequently sold as an annual in early spring, since it requires hot, dry desert conditions. Within its climate, its bush can obtain 7-8 feet in height, and it is cold-tolerant down into the mid-twenties Fahrenhelt. When used as an annual, it is planted for spring flowering However, within its climate, it will bloom variously throughout the year. Blue Hibiscus produces 4-5 inch, deep blue flowers which last 2-3 days. Garden centers often carry plants or seed, principally in the spring. Soft tip propagation or seed swap through a neighbor is another common source for this plant. Several varieties available.

 

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Malvaviscus arboreus Dill.

{Also, Turk's Cap, Texas Wax Mallow, Giant's Turk's Cap, Malvaviscus, or Sleeping Hibiscus}

Turk's Cap is a robust, branching shrub with soft, hairy evergreen leaves and constant blooms. It spreads rapidly through seeds. Its blooms resemble a Turkish turban in that they appear as 3" unopened, hibiscus flowers. Varieties include the very common red, a white, and a pink. It is ubiquitous throughout Tropical America including South Florida. When subjected to the colder winters of the north USA Gulf Coast(USDA zone 8-b), it freezes but rejuvenates in the spring. Turk's Cap can easily be planted from cuttings or seed, and is infrequently found in nurseries.

Some Malvaviscus arborus Varieties:

 

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Thespesia populnea L.

{Synonym: Hibiscus populneus L. Also, Portia Tree, Seaside Mahoe, Tulip Tree, Bendy Tree, Milo, Cork Tree, Polynesian Rosewood, Pacific Rosewood, Baru Baru, Baru Laut, or Bebaru}

The Portia Tree is a fast-growing, 35 foot tree with evergreen leaves, similar to the poplar tree, found throughout Old World Tropics. It has escaped from cultivation in South Florida and the Keys where it is often planted at sandy/rocky sea shore locations. It is very salt tolerant. The Portia Tree has 3" hibiscus-like flowers that begin the day a light yellow with a purple-red eye and finishes it as a dark red. Blooms appear throughout the summer with old blooms lingering on the tree for several days. Small trees are often carried in nurseries, although this plant is often mis-named.

 

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Lists & Lists ™ Support:

Still Have Questions?

If have you have read...

The List Fiend's ™... List For Using These Hibiscus Lists

Then, choose one or both options below:

Plan A:

The American Hibiscus Society web site offers a constantly changing collection of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis photos. It also offers a page of special web site links and a terrific amount of general Hibiscus rosa sinensis information.

Please contact the American Society directly through their internet address e-mail: American Hibiscus Society about membership, publications, new chapter formation, and their internet mail list.… Ohhh... and be sure to tell them that The List Fiend ™ sent you!

Plan B:

Also... please check for other reasonably good internet sites featuring Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and other Malvaceae family members at The List Fiend ™'s... A Working List Of Hibiscus-related Web Links. If you find or know of other such hibiscus resources to add to this list, please scribble the The List Fiend ™ a message with the hyperlink enclosed!

 

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