Winans Cigar Ships

he cigar ships were designed and built by the Winans family, successful railway engineers from Baltimore, Maryland who moved into marine engineering with enthusiasm and great expenditures of their family wealth, but less success. Their radical marine design concept included an ultra-streamlined spindle-shaped hull with minimum superstructure.

1876 portrait of Ross Winans by Frank Lathrop
Ross Winans
1876 portrait by Frank Lathrop
Courtesy of Winans family

Inventors Ross Winans Thos. Winans - Patent signatures

The Winans constructed at least four ships between 1858 and 1866. Two of these attracted considerable public attention as well as skepticism and outright criticism from the technical establishment. Ross Winans and his sons were, first and foremost, engineers experimenting with innovative concepts. The innovative technology would certainly have attracted Jules Verne's attention. He may well have seen one of the boats sailing or berthed in England. Some of their innovations were adopted for surface ships in the twentieth century, and many of the pioneer submarines built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century resembled them. Later in the twentieth century, aerodynamicists rediscovered the benefits of the spindle.

The seven A-Boats built for the US Navy between 1900 and 1903 have a spindle-shaped hull as apparent in the drawing near the top of this NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive page. The photo entitled “A-boat in frame” near the bottom of this Through the Looking Glass – Photo Essay of Submarines 1900-1940 page shows a striking similarity to the cigar boat frame construction. In an aerodynamics paper published in 1941, German mathematician Wolfgang Haack (1902-1994) described the spindle shape, called a Sears-Haack body, as offering minimum wave drag. The paper, Geschoßformen kleinsten Wellenwiderstandes by W. Haack, Bericht 139 der Lilienthal-Gesellschaft, analyzes drag for supersonic projectiles and aircraft fuselages.

1870 portrait of Thomas Winans by Benjamin Davis
Thomas Winans
1870 portrait by Benjamin Davis
Courtesy of Winans family

The first cigar ship, 16 feet in diameter and initially 180 feet long, was launched in Baltimore in 1858. Rogers² gives the steamer displacement as 350 tons including 200 tons of coal. The spindle hull was built in two sections with a unique radial propeller amidships, and joined by a shroud ring over the propeller. Power was provided on a single shaft by two railroad steam engines in each hull. The only superstructure was a narrow deck with railings, a lookout tower atop the propeller shroud, and narrow smokestacks on each hull. The helmsman sat in a compartment in the bow with a small, forward-looking view port. The Winans carried on a lively public debate with the editors of Scientific American about the merits and detriments of the design^{10, etc}. In the end the only good thing the editors would say was that the Winans had spent only their own money on what the magazine characterized as an extravagant folly.

There were problems and the steamer was modified extensively over its life, ending up with a length of 235 feet. There were a number of trial trips but never a real ocean voyage. The vessel ended its years tied pier-side at the Winans shipyard on Ferry Bar in Baltimore Harbor⁶.

Winans cigar steamer reconstruction - Click for more

The illustration at right is a RayDream reconstruction of the 1858 steamer. Click it for more illustrations and information on the steamer, and a MetaStream 3D view.

Click the graphic just above or here for a popup window with more images and detailed information about the 1858 Steamer.

The Winans made plans^20,28 for a new cigar ship based on what they learned with the original steamer but the Civil War intervened. Ross Winans, considered a Confederate sympathizer, was briefly arrested³⁰, and John Lamb reports that a 2^nd Maryland infantry company guarded the steamer to keep it from being taken to the Confederacy. A letter³³ to Scientific American lists and refutes suspicions about Confederate use of the steamer and reports the relocation of the Winans' experiments to Europe.

Click the graphic at left or here for a popup window with details about the so-called "water tank" confiscated during the Civil War..

Wallace Shugg and The Engineer report that two new, smaller boats were built in 1865. One, 70 feet long and nine in diameter, was built in St. Petersburg in an attempt to sell the Czar on the design⁶. It had a small propeller on the bottom of the hull, aft. Although impressive performance was recorded, the propeller was exposed to damage in shallow water⁴². Steve McLaughlin provided information about the Russian cigar boat that indicates there was an earlier prototype, and there are other references to several vessels. (Shugg's source in citation 6 may have confused two Russian prototypes.)

Click here for a popup window with what information is available about the Russian boats actually constructed.

In 2003, I had the good fortune to see some Winans family archives^55-58 in the possession of Steve Walk, great-great-grandson of Thomas Winans. These archives contain no information on the boat or boats actually built but include a detailed proposal for gunboats of several sizes. The proposed boats were never built but are interesting in themselves.

Click the graphic at right or here for a popup window with images and detailed information about the boats described in the proposal.

The other 1865 boat, the Walter S. Winans built in Le Havre, was 72 feet long and nine in diameter, and displaced 33 tons.

Walter S. Winans speculative image - Click for more

This experimental boat had a complex system of propellers and a mechanism for driving them in various combinations⁴². It made a number of trial runs and ended up at Southampton with the Ross Winans. A Scientific American article⁴¹ repeats a Manchester Guardian account of yacht's channel crossing with seven passengers from Havre to Newhaven on 28 Mar 1866. The article mentions a single submerged, three-bladed aft propeller with a diameter of four feet, ten inches. It carried a full load of coal and was submerged to just below the centerline. The account reads very much like a Winans press release, describing how well the boat handled in a heavy sea. In A Hundred Years of Towage⁹⁰, Frank Bowen records that the tug Annette crossed the Channel "to Havre to tow the Walter S. Winans from there to the West India Dock". It is possible that the Walter S was towed rather than making the cross-channel journey on its own, but more likely the tug accompanied it only as a precaution.

Click the graphic above or here for a popup window with speculation on the appearance of this boat.

The Winans launched their final effort in 1866 in London. The Ross Winans was 256 feet long with the same 16-foot diameter as their first boat and displaced about 400 tons. It did have a nearly conventional superstructure atop the hull amidships, 130 feet long and ten feet wide, tapering to a point at each end. Inverting the first design, it was driven by a 22-foot diameter propeller at each end. These nine-bladed props were powered by an engine room amidships. Click the RayDream rendering at left for more illustrations, information and a MetaStream 3D reconstruction view. The Ross Winans underwent trials in the Solent channel but made no more than one or two coastal voyages, never going to sea in earnest.

Ross Winans reconstruction - click for a 3-D view

Click the graphic just above or here for a popup window with more images and detailed information about the 1866 yacht.

After seeing new information about the construction and outfitting of the Ross Winans in 2006, I went back to my files and began a complete, comprehensive virtual reconstruction of the final cigar boat.

Click here for a preview of my new Ross Winans reconstruction work-in-progress.

There is little evidence of other Winans cigar ships, but an 1879 New Zealand newspaper¹⁰⁰ reports a "monster cigar ship" under construction in the Clyde. Of course this might have been only a Winans press release of intentions.

The Ross Winans and Walter S. Winans remained moored near Southampton until the end of the 19^th century when they were sold for scrap¹. In 1897 the New York Times⁸⁶ reported both vessels for sale after William L. Winans' death earlier in the year. The very short piece says the yachts had been "moored in Southampton waters for twenty-five years", that "enormous sums of money have been spent in experiments upon them, and in their maintenance, but very few people have ever seen them under way." An 1878 photograph of more than a dozen vessels at anchor near Southampton port⁸² by Oxford-based professional photographer Henry William Taunt shows the Ross Winans and possibly the Walter S in a distant view. The larger yacht is clearly recognizable, although the stacks and propellers are missing. A smaller boat nearby, partly obscured by a vessel under sail, appears to have a tall stack and odd shape, but the view distance makes positive identification as the French-built boat impossible.
William Louis Winans 1893 Spindle-shaped Ocean-Steamer patent (504,120) shows he was still a strong proponent of the design near the end of the century. Interestingly, the patent expressly excludes "torpedo boats and similar craft; and ... all submarine vessels" the only non-Winans craft that have used true spindle hulls. The exclusions may apply because the patent describes vessels at least 600 feet in length with a beam not less than 40 feet, or perhaps because others' patents described spindle-hull submarines and torpedo boats.

UK census records provide additional information about the two boats moored at or near Southampton. See the details here.

The historical material provides a view of the evolution of the cigar ship over the years of the Winans' efforts. In addition to the spindle hull design, the original steamer had all metal construction, an internal ventilation system, a compartmentalized hull, rudders fore and aft, an unconventional deck with no masts, and a completely unconventional propeller system. The proposed Russian boats replaced the strange midship propeller with more conventional propellers at one or both ends and added an enclosed "gangway" on top of the hull but maintained all the other characteristics. The other Russian boat had one propeller aft and the French boat had two at each end. It isn't clear if either of these had additional superstructure on the deck. The Ross Winans retained the fore-and-aft propellers but made them more innovative by integrating them with the hull shape. The superstructure, on the other hand, became more traditional and added masts, although these were hardly conventional. All the designs appear to have retained the other innovations of the steamer.
Problems with the steamer's split hull most likely account for the abandonment of the midship propeller. The maneuverability provided by the fore-and-aft rudders probably fostered the concept of fore-and-aft propellers. The deck patent (161372) states the purpose of the superstructure is to provide access between watertight compartments. Unstated is that such outside access without the superstructure was inconvenient at best and probably dangerous. The various patents provide detailed technical information and track the development of the cigar boats while extending patent rights to changes not implemented by the Winans. For example, Patent 144233, which flattens the bottom of the hull, addresses an inherent problem of high draft of the spindle hull, permitting designs that might be used in shallower waters.

To be complete, a discussion of the Winans marine efforts must include the odd sailboat Sokoloff, although it doesn't fit the criteria for the cigar boats. Described in Patent 18691, the sailboat had a half-spindle iron hull and a pivoted mast-keel assembly designed to prevent capsizing⁵⁹. Steve Walk called it the "most delightfully unworkable thing I have ever seen". Shrugg⁶ and Keith⁴ report the 1876 launch of the sailboat but there is no report of its sailing stability.

Other pages on this site discuss connections: Jules Verne's fictional Nautilus and the cigar boats, the Hunley, and other 19^th century vessels. So what is the cigar boat connection with Civil War vessels? Click for a definitive answer.

Note: This page is in-work. Expect updates to the text and improved reconstructions of the cigar boats based on information from the extensive new bibliography.

My research has collected extensive information about the 1858 steamer, slightly less about the London based Ross Winans, a good deal about the proposed Russian gun boats, but almost nothing about the two smaller boats. I've seen only two photos of the steamer although it is clear from the various articles that a number were taken. The steamer remained at dockside in Baltimore Harbor for at least ten years and possibly much longer. The Ross Winans and Walter S. Winans were moored near Southampton, England for decades. I believe all these vessels must appear in photographs taken over the years.

I am very interested in hearing about any additional photographs, articles or similar material, beyond those in the bibliography below, especially from French or Russian sources. Please e-mail me.

My very special thanks to the helpful folk who have responded to this request over the years and more than doubled the amount of information I now present here.

		Click this link for background on my cigar ship research.
	Delve further into the Winans family history on this web site. There are several chapters about the family. Not all of the chapters are linked on the page so scroll around to see them. (Opens in new window.): Vernon Stories of Jacobus Van Brug

*Comprehensive Bibliography*
This bibliography lists all of the significant sources I've found. Some information is redundant and not all sources are cited in the account on these pages. (My apologies for the interrupted reference number sequencing, an unfortunate consequence of the many updates.)
Secondary sources:
87	Railways, Steamers and Telegraphs by George Dodd, 1867. Chapter II - Steamers, § XVII Novelties and Oddities in Ship-Building, includes a short section on the "Cigar Ships" with information about the interior not seen in many other sources.
1	Bizarre Ships of the Nineteenth Century by John Guthrie, 1970. The "Cigar Ships" chapter contains an extensive history and description of the ships and the author's comments on their strengths and deficiencies. It includes both major Illustrated London News woodcuts and several technical drawings by the author.
2	Freak Ships by Stanley Rogers, 1936, "Cigars and Rolling Pins" chapter. This book includes drawings by the author that seem based on the 1858 Harper's Weekly article. He includes information about displacement and fuel use but erroneously describes the steamer propeller as "annular" or an outside ring.
3	Picture History of the U.S. Navy by Theodore Roscoe and Fred Freeman contains a rare photograph but the short paragraph reports a trans-Atlantic voyage that never took place. See 79 below for a copy of the photograph.
4	Baltimore Harbor - A Picture History by Robert C. Keith. The "Experimental Ships" chapter contains a short history of the cigar ships, the Illustrated London News drawing of the steamer at sea and a three dimensional 1869 map that shows the Winan's boatyard with steamer at dockside.
5	"Ross Winans and his Amazing Cigar Ship" by Richard Dodds, (The Weather Gauge, Vol. XXV, No. 2, October 1989, published by the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum). This article includes a second rare photograph of the steamer under construction.
6	"The Cigar Boat: Ross Winans's Maritime Wonder" by Wallace Shugg, (Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 93, No. 4 (Winter 1998)) is the most comprehensive account I have seen. Its numerous illustrations include a detail from the map mentioned in 4 and the photo in 5. The extensive bibliography is invaluable.
45	"The Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich and the Epoch of the Great Reforms, 1855-1866" (Pennsylvania State University, Ph.D., 1970), pp. 234-236. Jacob W. Kipp's doctoral dissertation contains information about William Winans' attempts to interest the Russian navy in the cigar boats. The dissertation cites Winans' letters to his brother from the Maryland Historical Society collection and several issues of a Russian naval journal, Morskoi sbornik, listed below.
68	Hunters of the Night by R. Thomas Campbell, 2000. The cigar boat references are on page 55.
69	The Siege of Charleston 1861-1865 by E. Milby Burton, 1970. The cigar boat references are on pages 218-219.
102	Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects Vol. XVII 1876 - P. 101 In a discussion of the paper entitled "On Double and Triple Cylindrical Vessels" a Mr. Henry Liggins refers to the poor performance of "the cigar ship" off the Nore with a strong north-east wind.
103	History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce by W. S. Lindsay, 1876. The cigar ships, in particular the Baltimore steamer, are discussed on pages 567-570.
83	John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 1803-1891 by John Edward Semmes, 1917. Cigar boat references in Chapter XIV.
84	British House of Commons Office for National Statistics document Consumer Price Inflation since 1750 (Economic Trends 604 March 2004)
92	London and Londoners in the Eighteen-Fifties and Sixties, by Alfred Rosling Bennett, 1924 -(Chapter 38 - 1866 - King Neptune Fettered at Last p.290-291)
89	Shipping Wonders of the World, Part 17, "Novelties in Ship Design" by Frank Bowen, 1936
	Steam-Ships, The Story of their Development to the Present Day, by R.A. Fletcher, 1910. "Miscellaneous Steam-Vessels" includes technical descriptions of the Baltimore steamer and the Ross Winans and mentions the St. Petersburg boat.
90	A Hundred Years of Towage: A History of Messrs. William Watkins, Ltd., 1833-1933 by Frank Bowen, 1933
	The Shape of Ships by William McDowell, 1952, has a slightly inaccurate paragraph about the cigar ships in the "Freak Ships" section of chapter 16. There is an amusing drawing by the author of an amalgam of the Baltimore steamer and the Ross Winans.
95	The English Life of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte: The Life of Napoleon III in the context of Anglo-French Relations, by Roman Golicz, 2007, includes in Chapter 12 the report of a private two-hour 18 Jul 1871 excursion up and down the river with Louis Napoleon on board. (Read this publication on the Don Namor Press web site.)

Primary sources:

You can examine many of the following source documents at their on-line locations by clicking the small icon on the right. The link will open in a new window that you should close when you are finished. Each link is to a particular volume - you will need to select the particular page of the citation.

7	Harper?s Weekly	23 Oct 1858, pp. 676-678. This article includes an artist's impression of the steamer at sea, a diagram, and several woodcut illustrations from photographs of the steamer construction and launch, including an end-on view of the stern.
8	The Illustrated London News	27 Nov 1858, p. 503. This article provided the lead illustration and includes an end-on view of the steamer bow (on the steamer page linked above) and descriptive text.
61	Maryland Historical Society	Photograph of the steamer under construction at the Ferry Bar (collection item Z24.88.VF - the photo is located a short way down the page using the link at right). The Society has a very similar photo in the Baltimore City Life collection Catalog item CC279. The photographer must have taken a series. One of these was the source for the line drawing in Harper's Weekly 23 Oct 1858, citation number 7 above.
79	Naval Historical Center archives	Photograph of the cigar steamer under construction. The "Hunt for the Alligator" web site has a copy of this photo. This photo is the one published in Picture History of the U.S. Navy, citation 3, above.
9	Scientific American	16 Oct 1858, p. 46. This initial mention of the steamer in the publication finds nothing novel in her design, based on her description.
10		23 Oct 1858, p. 53. This short article mentions the Winans steamer and introduces the editors' skepticism about the design.
11		6 Nov 1858, pp. 65-67. This article has a different wood cut of the steamer launch and reproduces the schematic drawing from the Harper's Weekly article. After a detailed description of the boat, the editors list their many concerns. Several Winans marine patents are recorded in this issue.
12		4 Dec 1858, p. 102. In a letter to the editors, Thomas and Ross Winans answer the criticisms one-by-one.
12a		11 Dec 1858, pp. 109-110. The editors respond to the Winans' letter.
	Mechanics Magazine, V. LXIX 3 Jul - 25 Dec 1858	27 Nov 1858, pp. 519-20. An article "The Latest Steam-Ship Novelty" quotes the 6 Nov Scientific American¹¹ and includes a woodcut of the steamer based on that article.
		4 Dec 1858, p. 540. A paragraph entitled "The American Cigar Steamship" references the November article and criticizes the steamer, offering that the central propeller wheel will drive the ship sideways rather than forward. It considers the effect of two and than three wheels.
		18 Dec 1858, p. 594. A letter from T. Moy offers a more detailed technical assessment than the 4 Dec article, but concludes that the steamer is an "absurdity".
13		1 Jan 1859, p. 137. The editors cite and quote a number of views about the steamer expressed by various correspondents and other publications.
14		22 Jan 1859, p. 162. The Winans correspond again, in response to the editors' comments in 11 Dec issue.
15		29 Jan 1859, p. 170. Two third-party writers comment on the steamer, one suggesting its potential as a warship, and the editors comment.
16		5 Feb 1859, p. 175. The editors cite a Life Illustrated article. Like many of the other citations, they mention agreement with their comments and criticism.
17		19 Feb 1859, p. 192. The editors declare the steamer a failure, reporting a Baltimore Sun account of the Winans' decision to lengthen the bow. They go on to suggest other improvements they believe necessary.
	The Engineer	11 Feb 1859, p. 102. A short and somewhat negative filler piece mentions the steamer attaining a speed of twelve miles an hour. 4 Mar 1859, p. 157. Another negative filler reports an announcement the steamer will be lengthened 36 feet. 17 Jun 1859, p. 421. A filler mentions the achievement of 14 miles an hour but mentions further lengthening an other alterations.
18	Scientific American	2 Jul 1859, p. 4. This is an interesting report of a workman causing the steamer's sinking at dockside. It is reported raised with little damage.
19		13 Aug 1859, p. 104. There is a lengthy report from the Baltimore American of a trip by the steamer down the Chesapeake Bay to Annapolis. The editors add a question but make some laudatory comments.
20		3 Dec 1859, p. 376. This article quotes a Baltimore Sun report of the Winans' plans for a new steamer based on the results of the extensive trials.
21		17 Dec 1859 p. 403. There is a very short mention of the steamer's trip to Norfolk, Virginia.
22		24 Dec 1859, p. 412. A long article quotes a New York Herald correspondent's account of the steamer's performance in Norfolk. The account is quite positive, especially in comparison to the the standard vessels that accompanied it.
23		2 Jan 1860, p. 1. This short report says the steamer is "greatly changed" and will be "further lengthened and otherwise altered".
24		7 Jan 1860, p. 23. "A Column of Varieties" includes a cryptic note that steamer is to be lengthened at the bow. Oddly, this note seems more appropriate for a year earlier.
92	Year-Book of Facts	P. 26, The Annual of Scientific Discovery: or, Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art for 1860, published in Boston, has an entry for the Winans Steamer that describes changes since its launch and its performance on a trip down the Potomac. There is a reference to an article in the 1859 edition.
93	Year-Book of Facts	P. 37-39, The Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art 1866, published in London, has an extensive description of the Ross Winans "abridged from the Times".
	The Repertory of Patent Inventions	1853 - This British publication lists patents applied for and granted in 1852.
	Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications	The Marine Propulsion volume of this series, published by the British Patent Office in 1858 describes a number of British patents related to that subject. The Shipbuilding, Repairing, etc. volume, published in 1862, describes patents likewise related to this subject.
	Revue Maritime et Coloniale (Maritime and Colonial Magazine)	Tome Onzième (Volume XI), Paris 1864 - p. 379 A small section titled "Le bateau-cigare" quotes a Times article. P. 812 begins a lengthy article quoted from The Artizan headed "Le Winan's Yacht ( bateau-cigare )". The article includes the raked smokestack plan and elevation drawings that appear near the top of my Ross Winans popup (see reference 51).
		Tome Quinzième, (Volume XV) Paris 1865 - The section Les Navires cuirassés (armored vessels) has a long foot note (p.9-10) with a short description of the Ross Winans and accounts of the experience gained testing the 1858 and the St. Petersburg boats.
		Tome Seizième (Volume XVI), Paris 1866 - p. 867 A small section headed "Mise à l'eau du navire-cigare" (Launching of the cigar vessel) includes a description of the "Rose-Winan". It says the yacht is intended for the Imperial Yacht Club of St. Petersburg, probably because that flag was flown at the launch. The reference to "M. Winan" has a footnote to see Volume XI, p. 812 (August 1864).
75	New York Times	27 Aug 1865 - Article quoted from the 11 Aug London Times about the imminent launch of the Ross Winans that reiterates much of the other articles mentioned here but has some additional information.
76		16 Apr 1866 - Article dated 31 Mar 1866 on European news reports the unannounced departure of the Ross Winans from the Thames for Brighton.
97		20 Apr 1866 - London Correspondence, dateline London, 7 Apr 1866, identifies the cigar ship seen in the channel as the "small one built in France". It states that "the larger ship has not moved from her moorings". This appears to correct the 16 Apr report.
77		31 Dec 1866 - An article dated 28 Dec reports seven crewmen of the Ross Winans including one American missing after a "small boat" from the vessel was found capsized in the Thames.
98		16 Mar 1867 - The European News Great Britain section, dateline London, 2 Mar 1867, reports the Ross Winans in several days of sea trials in the Channel.
99		3 Aug 1871 - A London dispatch dated 2 Aug states "The Grand Duke Constantine, Grand Admiral of the Russian Navy, arrived at Woolwich yesterday, on board the cigar-ship, and paid a visit to the arsenal."
86		14 Nov 1897 - A short article, dateline London, 13 Nov, reports both cigar boats in Southampton will be sold "owing to the death of William L. Winans" on 25 Jun.
105	Merchants Magazine and Commercial Review	Volume 42, 1860 - P. 395 begins a detailed technical description of the steamer. The performance account is written in the first person and may be from a press release.
	The Engineer	13 Jan 1860, p.19. An article citing the Baltimore Patriot describes the steamer in some detail and mentions performance during experimental runs.
25	Scientific American	21 Jan 1860, p. 51. A very long letter to the editors from "B." recounts the design and construction of the steamer, and details many of the trials and the changes made. (This letter is quoted in the 10 Feb 1860 issue of The Engineer.)
26		28 Jan 1860, p. 73. The editors' response to "B."
27		14 Jul 1860, p. 39. "A Column of Varieties" mentions further alterations to the steamer and a successful trial.
	The Engineer	17 Feb 1860, p.110. A rather negative and mocking article recounts the history of the steamer and lists numerous reasons why it is destined to fail.
28	Scientific American	18 Aug 1860, p. 113. A short article quotes a Charleston Courier correspondent about the appearance and attributed performance of the steamer. The cost to date is given at $200,000 and there is mention of the plans for a new boat.
29		1 Dec 1860, p. 363. There is a passing reference to the new steamer plans and Winans property wealth is put at $12,000,000.
30		1 Jun 61, p. 338. The Civil War enters the picture. There is an account of the army occupation of Baltimore and Ross Winans arrest on 14 May as a possible Confederate sympathizer. A quoted Baltimore American article reports that a delegation to Washington resulted in a presidential order for his release.
31		12 Apr 1862, p. 230. The Philadelphia Ledger is quoted, reporting a submersible shaped like the cigar steamer, planned for use against the Merrimac.
32		4 Oct 1862, p. 218. A note asks what has happened with the steamer?
33		29 Nov 1862, p. 342. Answering the 4 Oct question, a correspondent reports the steamer is dockside at the Winans shipyard. The letter puts aside various suspicions about Confederate use of the steamer and states that the Winans have moved their experiments to Europe.
34		26 Sep 1863, p. 201. An article quotes the Philadelphia Ledger stating the usefulness of rams constructed using the steamer design. The editors take issue with the idea.
	Bertrand engraving	1865 - An engraving signed "Bertrand" and labeled "Londres. - Chantier de construction du Bateau-Cigarre (le Cigar-Ship), nouvelle invention américaine. (D'après le croquis de M. E. Barrère.)" was published in a French newspaper in 1865. A number of colored versions of the engraving appeared at about the same time. The illustration is nicely done and probably depicts a London boatyard, but in fact the boat pictured very much resembles early drawings of the 1858 Baltimore steamer. One or more of these must have been models for the illustration. London. - Construction work-site of the Cigar Ship, new American invention. (After the sketch of M. E. Barrère.)
	Barrère engraving	1860 - I haven't seen this engraving attributed to Barrère. Its similar title (À Londres Le Chantier De Construction Du Bateau-Cigare, Invention Américaine) identifies it as Bertrand's probable source and the 1860 date explains the resemblance to the steamer. It's unlikely the Winans had worked up many details of the new yacht that early.
106