THE

THE

VOLUNTEER'S HAND BOOK:

CONTAINING AN ABRIDGEMENT OF

Hardee's Infantry Tactics

ADAPTED TO THE USE OF THE

PERCUSSION MUSKET IN SQUAD AND COMPANY EXERCISES,

MANUAL OF ARMS FOR RIFLEMEN,

AND

UNITED STATES ARMY

REGULATIONS AS TO PARADES, REVIEWS, INSPECTIONS,

GUARD MOUNTING, ETC.

JAS. K. LEE,

OF THE

FIRST REGIMENT OF VIRGINIA VOLUNTEERS

THIRD EDITION,

RICHMOND, VA:

WEST AND JOHNSTON,

No. 145 MAIN STREET,

1861

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Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by

WEST AND JOHNSTON,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the

Eastern District of Virginia.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

_______

INSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

THE SQUAD

POSITION OF THE SOLDIER . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Facings . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The direct step . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Common time . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Quick time . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Double Quick time . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Alignment . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
To march to the front . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
To march obliquely . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
To march backwards . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
To mark time . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
To change step . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
To march to the right about	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
To side step . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
To march by the flank . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
To change direction by file	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Wheelings . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Turnings . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MANUAL OF ARMS . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 22

Rest; in place, rest; . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Parade rest . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
To stack arms . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Inspection of arms . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Loading and firing . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
The direct fire . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The oblique fire . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
To fire by file . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
To fire by rank . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

THE COMPANY.

FORMATION OF THE COMPANY . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Posts of officers in line .	. . . . . . . . . . .45
To open ranks . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . .46
Manual of arms in open ranks .	. . . . . . . . . . .47
To close ranks . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . .48
Posts of officers in the firings	. . . . . . . . . . .48
To fire by the rear rank . . .	. . . . . . . . . . .49
To advance in line of battle .	. . . . . . . . . . .50
To march in retreat . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . .51
To march by the flank . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . .53
To change direction by file	. . . . . . . . . . .54
On the right by file into line	. . . . . . . . . . .55
On the left by file into line	. . . . . . . . . . .56
In two ranks undouble files .	. . . . . . . . . . .56
In four ranks double files . .	. . . . . . . . . . .56
Posts of officers in column .	. . . . . . . . . . .56

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

By company into line . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .57
By platoon into line . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .58
Marching in column by platoon, to march by the flank in the same direction . . . . . . . . .	. .59
To break into column by platoon . . . . . . . .	. .60
To march in column . . . . . . . . . . .	. .61
To change direction of the column . . . . . . .	. .61
To halt the column, and to form into line either at a halt or on the march . . . . . . . . . .	. .63
To break the company into platoons . . . . . . .	. .65
To re-form the company . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .66
To break files to the rear . . . . . . . . . . .	. .67
To cause files broken off to return into line .	. .68
The column in route . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .69
Countermarch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. .71
The column being in march, to form on the right or left into line of battle . . . . . . . . .	. .72
Formation of a company from two ranks into four, and reciprocally at a halt, and in march . . .	. .74

MANUAL OF ARMS FOR RIFLEMEN .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
FORM OF INSPECTION . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
DRESS PARADE . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
GUARD MOUNTING . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . .101
GUARDS AND SENTINELS . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . .105
ESCORTS OF HONOR . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . .108
COLOR ESCORT . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . .108
FUNERAL HONORS . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . .110

INSTRUCTION.

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Instruction.

First principles having the greatest influence upon individual instruction, upon which that of the company and regiment depend, recruits should be watched with the greatest care. Instructors should explain, in a few clear and precise words, the movement to be executed; and not to overburden the memory of the men, they should always use the same words to explain the same principles. They should often join example to precept, should keep up the attention of the men by an animated tone, and pass rapidly from one movement to another, as soon as that which they command has been executed in a satisfactory manner.

As the discipline and efficiency of a company materially depend upon the conduct and character of its non-commissioned officers, these should be selected with care, and properly instructed in all the duties pertaining to their rank. And as such instruction is intended principally to qualify them for the instruction of the privates, they should be taught not only to execute, but to explain every thing they may be required to teach.

COMMANDS.

Commands.

Commands are of three kinds: The command of caution, which is attention; the preparatory command, which indicates the movement to be executed; and the command of execution, such as march, or halt.

The tone of command should be animated, distinct, and of a loudness proportioned to the number of men under instruction. The command attention is pronounced at the top of the voice, dwelling on the last syllable. The command of execution should be pronounced in a tone firm and brief.* Those preparatory commands, which from their length are difficult to be pronounced at once, must be divided into two or three parts, with an ascending progression in the tone of command, but always so that the tone of execution may be more energetic and elevated.**

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* The commands of caution and the preparatory commands are herein distinguished by bold face, those of execution by CAPTITALS.

** The divisions are herein indicated by a hyphen. The parts of commands which are placed in a parenthesis are not pronounced

THE SQUAD.

PART 1.

THE SQUAD.

The squad drill is the very basis of all proficiency in military exercise. In most cases, it is impracticable to instruct volunteers in squads of less than four or eight men at a time. Hence it is important that the men should fix and keep their attention upon the instructor, who ought, as far as possible, to add example to precept in all of his instructions.

In the following exercises to para. 67, the recruit is supposed to be without arms. After he is taught the use of the arms, the loadings and firings, he should be will exercised with arms in the whole of the squad-drill, before proceeding to the movements of company-drill.

Position of the Soldier.

1. Heels on the same line and as close together as the conformation of the man will permit, the feet turned out equally, and forming with each other something less than a right angle; knees straight, without stiffness; body erect on the hips, inclining a little forward; shoulders square and falling equally; arms hanging naturally; elbows near the body; palms of the hands turned a little to the front, the little fingers behind the seam of the pantaloons; head erect and square to the front, without constraint; chin a little drawn in; eyes fixed straight to the front and striking the ground about the distance of fifteen paces.

1. Eyes-RIGHT. 2. FRONT.

2. At the word right, turn the head gently to the right, so as to bring the inner corner of the left eye in a line with the centre of the body, the eyes fixed on the line of the eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in,

THE SQUAD.

the same rank. At the word front, resume the direct position.

The movement of eyes-LEFT will be executed by inverse means.

The instructor will take care that the movement of the head does not derange the squareness of the shoulders.

REST.

3. At the command REST, stand at ease.

1. Attention. 2. SQUAD.

4. At the first word, the recruit will fix his attention; at the second, he will resume the prescribed position and steadiness.

FACINGS.

1. Squad. 2. Right (or Left)-FACE.

5. At the second command, raise the right foot slightly, turn to the right (or left), on the left heel, raising the toe a little, and then replace the right heel by the side of the left, and on the same line.

FRONT.

6. Turn on the left heel so as to regain the first position, and replace the right heel by the side of the left.

1. Squad. 2 ABOUT-FACE.

7. At the word about turn on the left heel, bring the left toe to the front, carry the right foot to the rear, the hollow opposite to and full three inches from the left heel, the feet square to each other. At the word face, turn on both heels, raise the toes a little, extend the thighs and face to the rear, bringing, at the same time, the right heel by the side of the left.

The men should take care that these motions do not derange the erect positions of the body.

THE SQUAD

The Direct Step

8. The direct step, or pace, in common time is twenty-eight inches, reckoning from heel to heel, and at a rate of ninety in a minute.

1. Squad, forward. 2. Common time. 3. MARCH.

9. At the first command, feel the weight of the body on the right leg, without bending the left knee. At the command march, step off with the left foot, carrying it straight forward twenty-eight inches from the right, the sole near the ground, the ham extended, the toe a little depressed, as also the knee, slightly turned out; at the same time, throw the weight of the body forward, and plant the left foot, without shock, precisely at the distance where it finds itself form the right, when the weight of the body is brought forward, the whole of which will now rest on the advanced foot. Next, in like manner, advance the right foot and plant it as above, the twenty-eight inches from the heel of the left foot, and thus continue to march, without crossing the legs, or striking the one against the other, without turning the shoulders, and preserving always the face direct to the front.

1. Squad. 2. HALT.

10. At the word halt, which will be pronounced at the instant when either foot is coming to the ground, the foot in the rear will be brought up, and planted by the side of the other, without shock.

The quick step.

11. The principles of the step in quick time are the same as for common time, but its swiftness is at the rate of one hundred and ten steps per minute. As soon as the recruit has acquired steadiness, has become established in the manual of arms, and in the mechanism, length, and swiftness

THE SQUAD.

of the step ion common time, he will be practiced only in quick time, the double quick, and the run. The instructor, wishing the squad to march in quick time, will command.

1. Squad, forward. 2. MARCH.

12. At the command march, the squad will step off and continue to march in quick time.*

The Double quick step.

12. The length of the double quick step is thirty-three inches, and its swiftness at the rate of one hundred and sixty-five steps per minute.

1. Double quick step. 2. MARCH.

14. At the first command, raise the hands to a level with the hips, the hands closed, the nails toward the body, the elbows to the rear.

15. At the second command, raise to the front the left leg bent to its greatest elevation, that part between the knee and the instep vertical, the toe depressed; replace the foot in its former position; execute with the right leg what has just been prescribed for the left, and continue the alternate movement of the legs until the command:

1. Squad. 2. HALT.

16. At the command halt, bring the foot which is raised by the side of the other, and resume the position o the soldier.

1. Squad, forward.2. Double quick. 3. MARCH.

17. At the first command, throw the weight of the body on the right leg. At the second, place the arms as indicated in 14. At the third, carry forward the left foot, the leg slightly bent, the knee raised, plant the left foot,

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*. When the time is not indicated in the preparatory command, the squad will always step off in quick time.

THE SQUAD.

left foot, the toe first, thirty-three inches from the right, and with the right foot execute what has just been prescribed for the left. The weight of the body should be thrown upon the foot that is planted, and the men should breathe as much as possible through the nose, keeping the mouth closed.

The Run.

18. The principles of the run are the same as for the double quick step, the only difference consisting in a greater degree of swiftness.*

Alignment.

19. Six or eight men should be united in one rank, elbow to elbow, and numbered from right to left in order to be taught the principles of alignment, or dressing on a line. The instructor will at first teach them to align themselves man by man; to this end he will command the two men on the right flank to march two paces to the front, and having aligned them, he will caution the remainder of the squad to move up as they may be successively called, each by his number, and align themselves successively on the line of the first two men.

20. Each man, as designated by his number, will turn the head and eyes to the right, as prescribed in 2, and will march in quick time two paces forward, shortening the last so as to find himself about six inches behind the new alignment, which he ought never to pass; he will next move up steadily by steps of two or three inches, the thighs extended, to the side of the man next to him on the alignment, so that,

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*To obtain with accuracy the cadence of the different steps, the pendulum or metronome must be employed.

In our latitude, the pendulum, to vibrate common time, should be 17.37 inches in length; to vibrate quick time, 11.63 inches in length; and to vibrate double quick time, 6.17 inches in length.

THE SQUAD.

without deranging the head, the line of the eyes, or that of the shoulders, he may find himself in the exact line of his neighbor, whose elbow he will lightly touch without opening his own.

The instructor seeing the rank well aligned, will command:

FRONT.

21. At this the men will turn their eyes to the front and remain firm.

22. Alignments to the left will be executed on the same principles.

When the men shall have thus learned to align them selves man by man correctly, the instructor will cause the entire rank to align itself at once by the command:

Right (or left)-DRESS.

23. At this, the rank, except for the two men placed as a basis of alignment, will move up in quick time, and place themselves on the new line as prescribed in p. 20.

The instructor seeing the rank aligned will command:

FRONT.

24. Alignments to the rear will be executed on the same principles, the men stepping back a little beyond the line and then dressing up by steps of two or three inches as prescribed in p. 20, the instructor commanding:

Right (or left) backward-DRESS.

To march to the front.

25. The rank being aligned, when the instructor shall wish to cause it to march by the front, he will place a well instructed man on the right or left, according to the side on which he may wish the guide to be, and command:

1. Squad, forward. 2. Guide right (or left), 3. MARCH

26. At the command march, the rank will step off promptly with the

THE SQUAD.

left foot; the guide should take care to march straight to the front; the men should touch lightly the elbow towards the side of the guide, be careful not to open out the left elbow nor the right arm, yield to pressure coming from the side of the guide, and resist that coming from the opposite side, keep the head direct to the front, no matter on which side the guide may be, and if found before or behind the alignment, shorten or lengthen the step by degrees, almost insensible, until the fault is corrected.

To march obliquely.

The squad being in march, the instructor desiring them to march obliquely, will command:

1. Right (or left) oblique. 2. MARCH.

27. At the second command, each man will make a half face to the right (or left), and will then march straight forward in the new direction. As the men no longer touch elbows, they will glance along the shoulders of the nearest files toward the side to which they are obliquing, and will regulate their steps so that the shoulders shall always be behind that of their neighbor on that side, and that his head shall conceal the heads of the other men in the rank. The men should preserve the same length of pace and the same degree of obliquity.

The instructor wishing to resume the primitive direction, will command:

1. Forward. 2. MARCH.

28. At the second command, each man will make a half face to the left (or right), and will then march straight to the front as in the direct march.

The squad being at a halt, if the instructor should wish to march it in the back step, he will command:

1. Squad, backward. 2. Guide right (or left).

3. MARCH.

THE SQUAD.

29. At the command march, step off smartly with the left foot fourteen inches to the rear, and so on with the feet in succession, the head direct to the front, touching the elbow toward the guide and yielding to pressure from that side, until the command halt. At this command bring the foot in front by the side of the other.

To mark time.

The squad marching in the direct step in common or quick time, the instructor will command:

1. Mark time. 2, MARCH.

30. At the second command, which will be given at the instant either foot is coming to the ground, make a semblance of marching, by advancing first one foot, and then the other, always bringing back the advanced foot and placing its heel by the side of the heel of the other.

1. Change step. 2. MARCH.

31. At the second command, given at the instant either foot is coming to the ground, bring up quickly the foot in the rear to the side of that just come to the ground, and step off with the latter.

1. Squad, right about. 2. MARCH.

32. At the command march, which will be given at the instant the left foot is coming to the ground, bring this foot to the ground, and turning on it face to the rear, then place then right foot in the new direction, and step off with the left foot.

If the squad be marching and the instructor should wish to bring it to a halt and faced to the rear, he will command:

1. Squad, right about. 2. HALT.

33. At the command halt, which will be given as the left foot is coming to the ground, bring this foot to the ground and turning on it face to the rear, then bring the right foot to the side of the left.

THE SQUAD.

The squad being at a halt, the instructor wishing to move it to the right on the same line, will command:

1. Side step to the right. 2. MARCH.

34. At the second command, each man will glance his eyes to the right, and at the same time carry his right foot about ten inches to the right, and instantly bring up his left foot, and so on the whole with perfect precision of time, shoulders square to the front, and each man perceptibly halting, when he has closed on the fixed point, or on the man next to him. Thus continues until the command:

1. Squad. 2. HALT.

35. AT the second command, bring up the left foot to the side of the right, and stand firm.

36. Change position by side step to the left will be executed on the same principles by inverse means.

To march by the flank.

37. The rank being at a halt and correctly aligned, the instructor will command:

Count Twos.

38. At this command the men count from right to left, pronouncing in a loud and distinct voice, in the same tone, without hurry, and without turning the head, one, two, according to the place which each occupies. The instructor will then command:

1. Squad, right-FACE. 2. Forward. 3. MARCH.

39. At the command face, the squad will face to the right; the even numbered men, after facing to the right, will step quickly to the right side of the odd numbered men, the latter standing fast, so that when the movement is executed, the men will be formed into files of two men abreast.

40. At the command, march, the squad will step off smartly with the

THE SQUAD.

left foot; the files keeping aligned and preserving their intervals.

41. To march by the left flank will be executed by the same command, substituting the word left for right, and by inverse means; in this case the even numbered men, after facing to the left, will stand fast, and the odd numbered will place themselves on their left.

1. Squad. 2. HALT. 3. FRONT.

42. At the second command, the squad will halt, and afterwards no man will stir, although he may have lost his distance.

43. At the third command, each man will front by facing to the left, if marching by the right flank, and by a face to the right, if marching by the left flank. The rear rank men will at the same time move quickly into their places, so as to form the squad again into one rank.

To change direction by file, the instructor will command:

1. By file left (or right). 2. MARCH.

44. At the command march, the first file will change direction to the left (or right) in describing a small arc of a circle, and will then march straight forward; the two men of this file in wheeling will keep up the touch of the elbows, and the man on the side to which the wheel is made, will shorten the first three or four steps. Each file will come successively to wheel on the same spot where that which preceded it wheeled,

To face by the right or left flank in marching, the command is:

1. Squad by the right (or left) flank. 2. MARCH.

45. At the command march, which will be given as either foot as coming to the ground, the men will turn the body, plant the foot that is raised in the new direction, an step off with the other foot without altering the cadence of the step; the men will double or undouble

THE SQUAD.

rapidly.

46. If in facing by the right or left flank, the squad should face to the rear, the men will come into one rank agreeably to the principles above indicated in p. 43. Observe, that the men who are in rear, always move up to form into single rank, and in such manner as never to invert the order of the numbers in the rank.

47. If when the squad has been faced to the rear, the instructor should cause it to face by the left flank, it is the even numbers who double by moving to the left of the odd numbers; but if by the right flank, it is the odd numbers who will double to the right of the even numbers.

48. Whenever the instructor desires the men to march in one rank, he will caution them not to double files.

WHEELINGS.

49. Wheelings are of two kinds; from halts or on fixed pivots, and in march or on moveable pivots.

50. Wheeling on a fixed pivot, takes place in passing a corps from the order in battle to the order in column, or from the latter to the former.

51. Wheels in marching take place in changes of direction in column, as often as this movement is executed to the side opposite the guide.

52. In wheels from a halt the pivot man only turns in his place, without advancing or receding.

53. In the wheels in marching, the pivot man takes steps of full nine inches, to clear the wheeling point before the next subdivision arrives on the same ground, which is necessary in order that the succeeding subdivisions may not lose their distances by being delayed.

54. In both cases, the man on the wheeling flank will always take the full pace of twenty-eight inches.

THE SQUAD.

Wheeling from a halt, or on a fixed pivot.

The rank being at a halt, the instructor will place a well-instructed man on the wheeling flank to conduct it, and then command:

1. By Squad, right wheel. 2. MARCH.

55. At the command march, the rank will step off with the left foot, turning at the same time the head a little to the left, the eyes fixed on the line of the eyes of the men to the left; the pivot man will merely mark time in gradually turning his body, in order to conform himself to the movement of the marching flank; the man who conducts this flank, will take steps of twenty-eight inches, and from the first step advance a little the left shoulder, cast his eyes from time to time along the rank, and feel constantly the elbow of the next man lightly, but never push him.

56. The other men will feel lightly the elbows of the next man toward the pivot, resist pressure coming form the opposite side, and each will conform himself to the marching flank-shortening his step according to his approximation to the pivot.

The instructor will make the rank wheel round the circle once or twice before halting, in order to cause the principles to be better understood, and he will be watchful that the centre does not break.

57. The wheel to the left will be executed according to the same principles. To arrest the wheel, the instructor will command:

1. Squad. 2. HALT.

58. At the second command, the rank will halt and no man stir. The instructor going to the flank opposite to the pivot, will place the two outer men of that flank in the direction he may wish to give the rank, taking care to leave between them and the pivot only the space necessary

THE SQUAD.

to contain the other men. He will then command:

Left (or right) DRESS.

59. At this the rank will place itself on the alignment of the two men established as the basis in conformity with the principles prescribed in p. 20.

60. The instructor will nest command FRONT, which will be executed as prescribed in P. 21.

Wheeling in marching, or on a moveable pivot.

The rank being in march, the instructor will command:

1. Right (or left) wheel. 2. MARCH.

61. The first command will be given when the rank is yet four paces from the wheeling point.

62. At the second command, the wheel will be executed in the same manner as from a halt, except that the touch of the elbow will remain toward the marching flank (or side of the guide) instead of the side of the actual pivot; that the pivot man, instead of merely turning in his place, will conform himself to movement of the marching flank, feel lightly the elbow of the next man, take steps of full nine inches, and thus gain ground forward in describing the arc of a small circle, to clear the point of the wheel. The middle of the rank will bend slightly to the rear. As soon as the movement shall commence, the man who conducts the marching flank will cast his eyes on the ground over which he will have to pass.

The wheel being ended, the instructor will command:

1. Forward. 2. MARCH.

63. The first command will be pronounced when four paces are yet required to complete the change of direction.

64. At the command march, which will be given at the instant of completing the wheel, the man who conducts the marching flank (or guide)

THE SQUAD.

will direct himself straight forward; the pivot man and all the rank will retake the step of twenty-eight inches, and bring his head direct to the front.

TURNING.

To change direction to the side of the guide in marching, the instructor will command:

1. Left (or right) turn. 2. MARCH.

65. The first command will be given when the rank is yet four pacesfrom the turning point.

66. At the command march, to be pronounced at the instant the rank ought to turn, the guide will face to the left (or right) in marching, and move forward in the new direction without slackening or quickening the cadence (rate of march), and without shortening or lengthening the step. The whole rank will promptly conform itself to the new direction; to effect which, each man will advance the shoulder opposite to the guide, take the double quick step, to carry himself in the new direction, turn the head and eyes to the side of the guide, and retake the touch of the elbow on that side in placing himself on the alignment of the guide, from whom he will take the step, and then resume the direct position of the head. Each man will thus arrive successively on the alignment.

MANUAL OF ARMS.

67. The manual of arms should be taught to two men placed at first side by side in one rank, elbow to elbow, and next in a single file, that is one behind the other. Each command is executed in one time (or pause), and is divided into motions. The rate (or swiftness) of each motion, except the motions relative to the cartridge, to the rammer, and to the fixing and unfixing of the bayonet, is fixed at the ninetieth part of a minute; but the motions here excepted should be executed with

THE SQUAD.

promptness and regularity. As soon as the men shall well comprehend the positions of the several motions, they will be taught to execute the time without resting on the motions.

Position of Shoulder Arms.

68. The piece in the left hand, the arm but a very little bent, the elbow back, near the body, the palm of the hand pressing on the pressing on the outer flat of the butt; the outer edge of the butt on the upper joints of the fingers, (the inner edge on the lower joints, and the ends inside,) the heel of the butt between the fore and middle fingers, the thumb on the front screws of the butt-plate, the remaining fingers under the butt, the butt more or less kept back, according to the conformation of the man, so that the piece seen front the front (or side) shall appear perpendicular, and also that the movement of the thigh, in marching, may not raise it, or cause it to waver; the stock below the tail band, resting against the hollow of the shoulder, just within the joint, the right arm hanging naturally as in the position of the soldier.

Present-ARMS. ( Two motions.)

§ 69. First. Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock out,and seize the small at the same time with the right hand, the piece perpendicular and detached from the shoulder, the left hand remaining under the butt.

§ 70. Second. Complete the turning inwards of the piece so as to bring it erect before the centre of the body, the rammer to the front, the right hand under and against the guard ; seize it smartly at the same time with the left hand above the lock, the thumb extended along the barrel and on the stock, the fore-arm resting on the body without constraint, and the hand at the height of the elbow.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions.)

71. Turn the piece with the right hand, the

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barrel out; (with the thumb on the S Plate, and the forefinger against the cock,) raise and support it against the left shoulder with the right hand, drop the left hand under the butt, the right hand resting on, without grasping the small.

72. Second. Drop quickly the right hand into its

position.

Order-ARMS. (Two motions.)

73. First. Drop the piece smartly by extending the left arm, seize it at the same time with the right hand above and near the tail band; (without the least pause,) quit the hold of the left hand, and carry the piece opposite to the right shoulder, the rammer in front, the little finger behind the barrel, the right hand supported against the hip, the butt three inches from the ground, the piece erect, the left hand hanging by the side.

74. Second. Let the piece slip through the right hand to the ground without shook, and take the following position:

Position of Order-Arms.

75. The hand low, the barrel between the thumb and forefinger extended along the stock; the other fingers extended and joined; the muzzle about two inches from the right shoulder; the rammer in front; the toe (or beak) of the butt, against, and in a line with, the toe of the right foot, the barrel perpendicular.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions;)

76. First. Raise smartly the piece with the right hand, carry it against the left shoulder, so as to bring the barrel to the front; place at the same time the left hand under the butt, and slip the right hand down to the hammer.

77. Second. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position.

Support-ARMS. (Three motions.)

78. First. With the right hand seize the small of the

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stock four inches below the lock, raising a little, but not turning the piece.

79.Second. Take the left hand from the butt, extend the left forearm upward across the body, under the cock, the hand flat on the right breast.

80 Third. Drop the right hand smartly into its position.

Carry-ARMS. (Three motions.)

81. Carry quickly the right hand to the small.

82. Second. Place quickly the left hand upon the butt.

83. Third. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position, and drop with the left, at the same time, the piece into the position of shoulder arms.

Unfix-BAYONET. (Three motions.)

84.First. Drop the piece by a smart extension of the left arm, seize it with the right hand above and near thetail band.

85. Second. Drop the piece with the right hand along the left thigh, seize it with the left hand above the right, lengthen out the left arm, rest the butt in the ground without shock, and carry at the same time the right hand to the bayonet; with the thumb, turn the clasp against the stop,*seize the bayonet at the socket and shank, so that the lower end of the socket may be about an inch belowthe heel ofthe palm, and that in resting on the bayonet, the thumb may be extended on the blade.

86. Wrest off the bayonet, return it to the scabbard, place immediately the right little finger on the butt of the rammer, lower the left hand along the barrel, extending the arm, without depressing the shoulder.

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*If the bayonets have no clasps, of course omit this.

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Shoulder-ARMS. (Three motions.)

87. First. Raise the piece with the left hand along the left side, the hand at the height of the chin, the forearm touching the piece, the barrel to the front; drop at the same time the right hand to seize the piece a little above the small, the forefinger touching the cock, and the thumb on the S plate.

88. Second. Raise the piece with the right hand, drop the left and place it under the butt, support the piece with the right hand against the shoulder, in the position of shoulder arms, the right hand resting on without grasping the piece.

89. Second. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position.

Secure-ARMS. (Two motions.)

90. First. Seize quickly the piece with the right hand, the thumb on the S plate, and the forefinger against the cock; at the same instant detach the piece from the shoulder, the barrel to the front, seize it at the tail band With the left hand, the thumb extended on the rammer, the piece erect, opposite the shoulder, the left elbow on the piece.

91. Second. Reverse the piece, pass it under the left arm, the left hand remaining at the tail band, the thumb on the rammer, the little finger resting against the hip, and the right hand falling, at the same time, into its position.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions.)

92. First. Raise the piece with the left hand, (but not too suddenly, least the rammer should fly out,) seize the small with the right hand to support it against the shoulder, quit the hold of the left hand, and place quickly this hand under the butt.

Second. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position; drop at the same time the piece into the position of shoulder arms.

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Fix-BAYONET. (Three motions.)

94. First. As in unfix bayonet, 84.

95. Second. As in unfix bayonet, 85, except that the right hand will go to the scabbard, to seize the bayonet by the socket and shank, so that the lower (now upper) unit of the socket shall extend about an inch above the heel of the palm.

96. Second. Draw the bayonet from the scabbard, carry and fix it on the muzzle, turning the clasp towards the body with the right thumb; place immediately the little finger on the head of the rammer, lower the left hand along the barrel, extending the arm without depressing the shoulder.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Three motions.)

97. First, Second, and Third, as in Shoulder arms, from Unfix bayonet.

Charge-BAYONET. (Three motions.)

98. First. Make a half face to the right on the left heel, bring the left toe to the front, place at the same time the right foot behind and at right angles with the left, the hollow of the right foot opposite to, and about three inches from the left heel; turn the piece with the left hand, the lock outwards, and seize the handle at the same time with the right hand, the piece perpendicular and detached from the shoulder; (leave the left hand under the butt.)

99. Second. Bring down the piece with the right hand into the left, the latter seizing it a little in advance of the tail band, the barrel up, the left elbow near the body, the right hand supported against the hip, the point of the bayonet at the height of the eye. (The men of the rear rank will take care not to touch their file-leaders with the points of their bayonets.)

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions.)

100. First. Face to the front by turning on the left

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heel, bring up the right by the side of the left heel; at the same time spring up the piece with the right hand to the left shoulder, and place the left hand under the butt.

101. Second. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position.

Trail-ARMS. (Two motions.)

I02. First. As the first motions of Order arms, 73.

103. Second. Incline a little the muzzle to the front, the butt to the rear, and about three inches from the ground, the right hand (the little finger having been slipped to the front), grasping the piece and supported at the hip.*

Shoulder-ARMS.

104. At the command shoulder, raise the piece perpendicularly in the right hand; at the command arms, execute the two motions in shoulder, arms from the position of order arms.

If the instructor wish to give repose in, the position of order arms, he will command :

REST.

§ 105. At this command, the men will no longer be required to preserve silence or to remain steady in position.

Or ho will command:

1.In place. 2. REST.

106. At the second command, the men will not be

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*If the instructor wish to relieve the men when marching with arms trailed, he will command: Change-HANDS ; which will be executed in one motion, by raising the muzzle to the shoulder passing the piece across the front of the body, trailing it with the left, and dropping the right hand by the side. At the command, Re-change-Hands, raise the muzzle to the shoulder, pass the piece to the right hand and retake the position

of trial arms.

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required to preserve silence or steadiness of position, but they must always keep one or the other heel, and their pieces on the alignment.

Orhe will command:

1.Parade. 2. REST.

107. At the second command, the men will carry the right foot six inches in rear of the left heel, the left knee slightly bent, the body upright upon the right leg, the piece resting against the hollow of the right shoulder, the hands crossed in front, the backs of them outwards, the left hand uppermost, the eyes direct to the front.

1. Attention. 2. SQUAD.

108. At the second word, the men will resume the correct position of order arms.

109. If, at the command in place-rest or parade-rest, the squad bein the position of support-arms. the men will be regulated by the directions in 106,107, except they will bring up smartly the right hand to the small of the stock. At the command of attention, they will resume the correct position of support arms.

To Right Shoulder Shift-ARMS.* (Two motions.)

110. First. Turn the piece with the left hand, lock to the front, seize it at the same time with the right hand at the small.

111. Second. Carry the piece to the right shoulder, the lock plate upwards, the left hand still holding the butt, the muzzle elevated; place the right hand on the butt, the beak between the first two fingers, the other two fingers under the butt plate, and let fall the left hand by the side.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions.)

112. First. Raise the piece and extend the right arm, seize it with the left hand above the lock, carry

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*From the position of shoulder arms.

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the piece against the left shoulder, turning the barrel to the front, (in turning place the thumb on the S plate,) the right hand being at the small, place the left hand under the butt.

113. Second. Let the right hand fall by the side.

Slope (or Ease) ARMS. (One motion.)

114. Carry forward and raise slightly the left hand, so that the piece will rest at the lower band on the left shoulder, keep the muzzle elevated, the piece sloped diagonally to the rear.

Carry-ARMS. (One motion.)

115. Depress the left hand and resume the position of shoulder arms.

Arms-AT WILL. (One motion.)

116. Carry the piece at pleasure on either shoulder, with one or both hands, the muzzle elevated.

Shoulder-ARMS. (One motion.)

117. Retake quickly the position of shoulder-arms.

Arms-PORT.

118. Throw the piece diagonally across the body, the lock to the front, seize it smartly at the same time with both hands, the right at the small, the left at the tail band, the thumbs pointing towards the muzzle, the barrel sloping upwards and crossing opposite to the point of the left shoulder, the butt proportionately lowered; the palm of the right hand above, that of the left hand under the piece, and the nails of both hands next to the body, to which the elbows will be closed.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions.)

119. First. Bring the piece smartly to the left shoulder, placing the hand under the butt.

120. Second. Drop the right hand smartly by the side.

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The squad being at ordered arms, if the instructor wish the pieces to be placed upon the ground, he will command:

Ground-ARMS. (Two motions.)

121. First. Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel to the left, at the same time seize the cartridge-box with the left hand, bend the body, advance the left foot, the heel opposite the lower band; lay the piece on the ground with the hand, the toe of the butt on a line with the right toe., the knees slightly bent, the right heel raised.

122. Second. Rise up, bring the left foot by the side of the right, quit the cartridge-box with the left hand, and drop the hands by the side.

Raise-ARMS. (Two motions.)

123 First. Raise the cartridge-box with the left hand, bend the body, advance the left foot, opposite the power band, and seize the piece with the right hand.

124. Second. Raise the piece, bringing the left foot by the side of the right; turn the piece with the right hand, the rammer to the front; at the same time quit the cartridge-box with the left hand, and drop this hand to the side.

To stack arms.

The squad being in two ranks at order arms, the instructor will command:

Stack-ARMS.

125. At this command, the front rank man of every even numbered file will pass his piece before him, seizing it with the left hand above the middle band, and place the butt outside and near his left foot, the barrel turned to the front, the muzzle opposite the right shoulder. At the same time the front rank man of

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every odd numbered file will pass his piece before him, seizing it with the left hand below the middle band, and hand it to the man next on the left; the latter will receive it with the right hand two inches above the middle band, throw the butt about thirty-two inches to the front, opposite to his right shoulder, inclining the muzzle towards the right shoulder, and lock the shanks of the two bayonets, the barrel remaining to the rear and its shank above that of the first piece. The rear rank man of every even file projects his bayonet forward, the barrel to the right, and introduces it (using both hands) between the muzzles and under the shanks of the two other bayonets. He will then abandon the piece to his file leader, who will receive it with the right hand under the middle band, bring the butt to the front, holding up his own piece and the stack with his left hand, and place the butt of the third piece between the feet of the man next on the right, the Barrel to the right. The stack thus formed, the rear rank man of every odd file will pass his piece into his left hand, the barrel turned to the front, and, sloping the bayonet forward, rest it on the stack.

126. When organized companies stack arms the sergeants, (and also the corporals, if in the rank of file closers) will rest their pieces against the stacks nearest them respectively, after ranks are broken, and resume their pieces on the signal to re-form ranks.

Take-ARMS

127 At this command, the rear rank man of every odd file will withdraw his pieces from the stack; the front rank man of every even file will seize his own piece with the left hand, and that of the man on his right with his right; the rear rank man of every even file will seize his piece with the right hand at the middle band, advancing for the purpose the hollow of his right

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foot as far as the right heel of his file leader; these two men will raise up the stack to loosen the shanks; the front rank men of every odd file receives his piece from the hand of every odd file receives his piece from the hand of the man next on the left, and the four men will retake the position of the soldier at order arms.

Reverse-ARMS.* (Two motions.)

128 First. Grasp the piece with the right hand, the finger nails to the front, at the height of the shoulder, turn the piece to the right and in front of the body, and bring it reversed under the left arm, the barrel sloping to the rear; at the same time, slip the left hand to the small, grasping it with the finger nails up.

129. Second. Remove and carry briskly the right hand to the rear of the body, and with it grasp the piece between the middle and lower bands, the finger nails outwards.

Shoulder-ARMS. (Two motions.)

130. Fir